Tourism Planning

I. Introduction Tourism provides a major economic development opportunity for many countries and a means of improving the livelihoods of its residents. Both the public and private sectors involved in tourism depend on planning to achieve sustainable tourism development that respects the local community, creates appropriate employment, maintains the natural environment, and delivers a quality visitor experience.However, many tourism destinations have pursued development without proper planning and without considering the many impacts such development will bring to the community. This session will discuss tourism planning approaches to achieve the goals and objectives of tourism development for a destination. For the purposes of discussion, a tourism destination can mean an entire country, a region, an island, a resort area, or a single project. The tourism plan is generally a formal document to guide both public sector and private sector development activities.Destination planning inc ludes many different forms of planning such as economicdevelopment planning, land use planning, infrastructure planning ,and social services planning and involves many groups with different perspectives including governments, private investors and developers, and local communities. Balite Falls is nestled in a simple but clean and peaceful resort in the town of Amadeo. The latter is famous for its coffee; many coffee shops get their supply of beans from this town. A stream running through the resort drops down on a small shallow pool before cascading down into a larger and deeper pool at another lower level.The two waterfalls thus formed are the centerpiece of the resort. The waters of the stream and falls are relatively clean. The resort is covered in lush vegetation and is ideal for picnics or a quiet getaway. When we arrived in the morning there were just a few people around, most of them preparing for a picnic and fewer still taking a dip in the pools. As noon approached, howeve r, the place started to get more visitors. The warm and courteous hosts told us that the place really fills up during the summer. We left well before noon to have lunch in nearby Tagaytay.The roads, even the one leading to the resort are well paved all the way, making Balite Falls an ideal place to visit if you are looking for a quieter place away from Tagaytay (just go there on a weekday as the place can fill up during the weekends). There are two falls of Balite. The first one on top is smaller compared to the falls below it. The water in the bigger falls is 18 feet deep. A lot of people dive onto the deep water. I wish I had the courage to do what they did but I’m terribly afraid of deep water. I only stay on 5 feet or less. Nevertheless, I enjoyed the green scenery of Balite Falls.They say that the water in Balite falls has healing effects. Maybe because it’s pristine, pure and free of inorganic materials. The management doesn’t permit the guests to even use soap or shampoo when taking a bath in the falls. II. Brief description of the Place The warm and courteous hosts told us that the place really fills up during the summer. The roads, even the one leading to the resort are well paved all the way, making Balite Falls an ideal place to visit if you are looking for a quieter place away from Tagaytay. There are two falls of Balite. The first one on top is smaller compared to the falls below it.The water in the bigger falls is 18 feet deep. A lot of people dive onto the deep water. Nevertheless, you will also I enjoy the green scenery of Balite Falls. They say that the water in Balite falls has healing effects. Maybe because it’s pristine, pure and free of inorganic materials. The management doesn’t permit the guests to even use soap or shampoo when taking a bath in the falls. Brief History of the Province Amadeo was formerly called Masilaw, a Tagalog word meaning glaring. It used to be a forest with abundant dapdap trees th at bore bright red flower after shedding of leaves. hese flower that crown the trees produce a dazzling glaring light. That locality was originally a barrio of Silang. It was made a town in 1872, and was called amadeo in honor of Prince Amadeo Fernado Maria of Savoy. The inauguration of the town (may 30) coincided with the birthday of the said princes who was born on may 30, 1845 in Turin, Italy, as the second son of the king of spain and Italy. It was given the tagalong name Maypag-ibig (With love) during the Philippines revolution. Amadeo was recognized as a town for twenty-one years. It was reverted as a district of silang, however, in 1902.Local leader including Geronemo Bayot and Primo Villanueva, for the next thirteen years, continued to secure the separation of amadeo from silang. It was not until 1915 during the administration of governor Antero Soriano, that Amadeo regained its independence. In recognition in his persevering effort in behalf of Amadeo, Geronimo Bayot was ma de the town’s first municipal president under the American regime. The Municipality of Amadeo is a fourth class municipality in the province of Cavite, Philippines. It is nicknamed the â€Å"Coffee Capital of the Philippines†. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 33,457 people.Amadeo is best known for their Pahimis Festival, which showcases the town's coffee industry. It is usually held on the last weekend of February and its town fiesta is held on the last Sunday of April. Land Area: 47. 90 sq. km No. of Barangays: 26 Income class: 4th class Population: 25,737 (2000) 31,705 (2007) 34,564 (2010 Projected) Population Density: 662 persons/ sq. km. Growth Rate: 2. 70% per annum (2000) Amadeo is politically subdivided into 26 barangays (12 urban, 14 rural). Banaybanay| Maymangga| Barangay IV (Pob. )| Barangay X (Pob. )| Buho| Bucal| Minantok| Barangay V (Pob. | Barangay XI (Pob. )| MinantokSilangan| Dagatan| Pangil| Barangay VI (Pob. )| Barangay XII (Pob. ) | | Halang| Barangay I (Pob. )| Barangay VII (Pob. )| Salaban| | Loma| Barangay II (Pob. )| Barangay VIII (Pob. )| Talon| | Maitim I| Barangay III (Pob. )| Barangay IX (Pob. )| Tamacan| | Geography An upland and inland town with an elevation of 1,400 feet above sea level, Amadeo is situated approximately 60 kilometers south of Manila. It is flanked on the north by the municipality of General trias and Trece Martires City, on the east by Silang and on the west by Indang.The City of tagaytay occupies the south of the municipality Climate Cavite belongs to Type 1 climate based on the Climate Map of the Philippines by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA). Being a Type 1, Cavite has two pronounced seasons – the dry season, which usually begins in November and ends in April, and the rainy season, which starts in May and ends in October. Cavite’s cool periods are from December to February while summer months are from April t o May. Land resources and distributionAmadeo Cavite’s land resources are categorized into two: forest lands and alienable and disposable lands. Forest lands are being maintained as they play a great role for the ecological balance of the Province aside from the fact that they are home to numerous flora and fauna that needs to be protected and preserved. Correspondingly, the alienable and disposable lands are the built-up areas as well as production areas. These lands are intended for urban, economic and demographic developments. Production Land-Use Majority of production land-use is into agriculture. Considering that 50. 3% of the total provincial land area is engaged into agriculture, it can be generalized that in spite of rapid urbanization in the province, Cavite remains to have an agricultural economy that makes food security attainable. Some of the major crops being produced in the province are rice, corn, coffee, coconuts, cutflowers and vegetables. â€Å"Coffee beansà ¢â‚¬  â€Å"Pineapple† â€Å"Banana† â€Å"Coconut tree† Included in the agricultural land use are livestock farms that range from piggeries, poultries, goat farms and cattle farms. The climatic suitability of Cavite makes the province ideal for integrated farming, having crops and livestock rising in one farm. Cattle† Fishery is also another major component of the agricultural sector. Having rich marine resources and long coastlines, the province is home to numerous fishery activities. This industry has provided livelihood to many Cavitenos. In some lowland and even upland areas, fishery, in the form of fish ponds are also producing considerable amount of fish products. Some areas in Cavite are also engaged in fish processing and production of fish products like fish sauce. â€Å"Fresh water shrimp† Mining is the third component of production land-use in the province. As of 2009, there are 15 mining and quarrying areas operating in Cavite.Extracti on includes filling materials, gravel and sand. How to get there. * Balite falls is in Barangay Halang which is roughly 3km+ north of Amadeo. If you are travelling using private vehicle, you can take the South Luzon Tollway and exit at Exit 33 (Carmona) and head southwest towards Carmona. Near Carmona, take the Carmona Bypass road so you do not have to go through Carmona town proper. This road actually leads all the way to Trece Martires and crosses Aguinaldo Highway (the more popular road to Tagaytay City coming from Zapote). About 7. 7km on this road from the Exit 33, there will be a junction to Silang.Take this road and head for Silang (about 8. 3 km). At Silang, and at every major junction in Silang, you may need to ask directions from locals which way to Barrio Luksuhin. If you can't find help, just follow the major streets of Silang with a southwest general direction until you hit the wide nicely paved roads of Aguinaldo Highway. * From Lawton ride a bus bound Trece/Indang (Ca vite,) ask the driver to drop you in Manggahan. Look for the 7-11 store inj front of Mcdo. You will find the jeepneys that will take you to Balite, Amadeo. Ask the driver to drop you to Balite, Falls. The road to Barrio Luksuhin actually starts from a crossing point along Aguinaldo Highway on the section that now bypasses Silang. Follow this road to Luksuhin, through Luksuhin, Calubcob, Lit-lit and up to the crossing in Banay-Banay (about 4 km total). At Banay-Banay, turn right northwestward while carefully taking note of your odometer reading at the intersection. As of travelogue time there are no clear landmarks near the road junction that leads to Balite so we will rely on measuring the distance from the Banay-Banay intersection. Go 1. 3 km northwestward then you will see a small dirt road on the left.Turn left on this dirt road and follow this road for about 1 km to the end. On both sides of this dirt road would be coffee farm/plantation. The end of the road will be a sudden des cent to a clearing which serves as the parking lot for visitors to the falls. The falls would just be a few meters south of the clearing behind the trees. III. Socio cultural Economic Pattern Religion In line with national statistics, the majority (70%) of the population are Roman Catholic while adherents of the Aglipayan Church account for 20% and the Iglesiani Cristo account for 4% of the population. Other Christian sects and Muslims comprise the remainder.However, the strong presence of the Christian Churches such as the mainline Evangelical Churches (UNIDA, IEMELIF, Methodist, UCCP, Baptist and Assemblies Of God), Christian Fellowships (Jesus Is Lord, Bread of Life, Christ's Commission Fellowship, Jesus Christ Spreading the Good News), and other Christian Churches such as the United Pentecostal Churches and numerous Oneness groups, have increased the population of the other Christian Churches. This may now account for about 5% of the total Cavite population. Ethnic Group Caviten o. A Chavacano community ( family of Spanish-based ).Chavacano is a Spanish-based creole language and known in linguistics as Philippine Creole Spanish. Initially, and as a means to express themselves, native speakers mixed Spanish with their respective dialect: Tagalog in Cavite. Now used almost exclusively in Cavite City and coastal Ternate, Cavite Chabacano enjoyed its widest diffusion and greatest splendor in Spanish and American period of Filipino history, when newspapers and literary outputs flourished. During the Spanish regime, it was prevalent for Spaniards, both peninsulares and insulares, to use the creole in their negotiations with the townfolk.Cavite Chabacano was spoken with relative ease because it was essentially a simplification of Castillan morphology patterned after Tagalog syntax. Gradually and naturally, it acquired the sounds present in the Spanish phonological system, which had the authocthonous phonetics as core. After World War II, creole Spanish speakers wi thin the capitol of the archipelago vanished. Languages The main languages spoken are Tagalog, Chabacano and English. Chabacano, sometimes spelled as Chavacano, is a creole originally spoken by majority of the Cavitenos that lived in Cavite City and Ternate after the arrival of the Spaniards three centuries ago.Around 30000 Cavitenos speak Chabacano. Due to Cavite's proximity to Metro Manila a large number of people migrated from farther provinces, resulting in a significant usage of Bikol, Cebuano and Ilokano. Culture and traditions Cavitenos are very proud of their majestic and interesting cuture and traditions. Aside from the celebrations of town fiestas, the province of Cavite celebrates festivals as forms of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and in honor of its patron saints.Some of these festivals are also observed in honor of the historical legacies passed from one generation to another generation. In fact, the province fetes the renowned Kalayaan Festival which is given a great social importance in commemoration of the heroism of its people. The province has very rich culture, traditions and fiesta celebrations such as Mardicas which is a war dance held in Ternate town and Karakol or street dancing with a fluvial procession which is usually held in coastal towns. There is also a pre-colonial ritual called the Sanghiyang as a form of thanksgiving and to heal the sick.Another cultural tradition is the Live via Crucis or KalbaryoniHesus which is being done during Holy Week and Maytinis or word prayer that is annually held in Kawit every December 24 just before the beginning of the midnight Mass. Cavite proudly stands as a place with a glorious past. It’s warm and friendly people, whose ancestors came down with a noble cause, manifest industry and patience in various skills and professions, openly receptive to the entry and exchange of culture and technology that are of value to the province. IV. Tourism Facilities A. Existing Tourist Facilities / Resources 1st Division USAFFE Marker The 41st USAFFE marker is one place where you will know more about Tagaytay’s rich political history. It is located beside Metro Tagaytay College of Business and Arts, Kaybagal South, Tagaytay City. Japanese Friendship Garden This 1200 sq. meter garden was constructed to inculcate in the people the value of freedom, peace and international unity. It is located in front of the Development Academy of the Philippines Conference Center, Sungat East, Tagaytay City. Tagaytay Highlands A masterplan blending of natural and man-made wonders dedicated to leisure at its bets.It is located at Cababuso, apporoximately 8 to 9 km. away from Silang Cavite. People’s Park in the Sky An artful blending of natural and man-made attractions poised on the highest point of Tagaytay City. It stands on 4,516 sq. meters of solid ground and overlooks four bodies of water – Taal Lake, Balayan Bay, Laguna de Bay, and Manila Bay. It is located at Dapdap West and Dapdap East, approximately 6 to 7 km. away Silang Crossing Picnic Grove and Livelihood Complex Located at Sungay East, 3 km. away from Silang Crossing, it is run by the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA). It is suitable for picnics, horseback iding, and sightseeing. It also offers services for seminar accommodations, overnight stay, and others. The Flower Farm On the windy slope of a hill in Tagaytay City sprawls a flower farm that keeps Manila abloom the whole year round. The five-hectare flower farm has many varieties of flowers, such as chrysanthemums with assorted colors, gerberas, carnations, roses, and anthuriums. B. Other Infrastructure / Superstructure 1. Accomodations Leisure Farm in Amadeo Cavite It has a resthouse with 2 bedroom and 2 bathroom, pavilion, gazebos, fruit bearing trees and exotic ornamental plants,and palm trees.With natural spring water. Ideal for retreat place, hideaway, or retirement home. It has been featured in â€Å"Our Home† and  "BluPrint Design† magazines. Microtel Inn & Suites Eagle Ridge, Cavite, Philippines | Have a pleasant stay in our clean, comfortable rooms with the much talked about Microtel chiropractic â€Å"healthy for the back† beds. Whether for business or pleasure,  Microtel Inn & Suites Eagle Ridge, Cavite  will definitely satisfy your needs as this 57-room hotel provides an ideal setting combining comfort, privacy and a convenient location.Microtel Inn & Suites Eagle Ridge, Cavite  also has a distinctive character especially with the multitude of activities available in its neighboring country club. 15 minutes of breezewalk from the hotel or about 5-minute drive by car is the exclusive Eagle Ride Golf & Country Club, which has the largest golfing facility in the country. Hotel Kimberly Tagaytay Is located along Amadeo Road, a 40 minute drive from Manila City. The hotel offers an outdoor pool, free wi-Fi, free parking and coffee shop Taal Vista Hotel KM 60 Aguinaldo Highwa y, Tagaytay, PhilippinesThe Taal Vista Hotel is located in the heart of Tagaytay, and is renowned for its comfort and service. The hotel offers free Wi-Fi, an outdoor pool and tennis courts as well as conference room(s), a beauty centre and a 24 hour reception. Tagaytay Country Hotel Olivarez Plaza, E. Aguinaldo Hi-way, Tagaytay, Philippines Discover all that Tagaytay has to offer with Tagaytay Country Hotel as a base. Each of the 67 well-furnished guestrooms at the hotel ensures a comfortable stay with industry-standard room amenities. Each guestroom features amenities such as shower, television, mini bar.This Tagaytay accommodation contains all of the facilities and conveniences you would expect from a hotel in its class. Hotel's guests can experience on-site latest leisure and sports facilities such as tennis courts, sauna, spa. This hotel is characterized by a combination of modern comfort and traditional element of Tagaytay, making it a distinct accommodation. To make your rese rvation at the Tagaytay Country Hotel via our secure online booking form, please submit your visit dates. 2. Churches Our Lady of Manaoag in Tierra de Maria in TagaytayInside the Tierra de Maria is the replica of The Lady, but outside is a 50-foot statue that towers majestically over this meditative place, made more awesome at around 2 p. m. when the sun shines directly over her crown. At her feet is a wishing well and candle holders where the faithful throw their hearts’ desires to Mary, Mother of God, Queen of Heaven and Earth. St. Mary Magdalene Church Beside the Plaza of Amadeo is the St. Mary Magdalene Church. During World War II, it was used as a garrison by the Japanese. Nineteen guerillas were killed in that church-turned-garrison.Today, Catholics who visit the church remember to pray for the souls of these martyrs. Because of its rich historical background, it was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Institute in 1984 when it celebrated its 100th year as parish church. 3. Hospitals South Prime Medical and Wellness Center| | | | Address:| Delos Reyes Ave. , Dagatan,Amadeo,Cavite – 4119 | *First and only Hospital in Amadeo,Cavite. *24Hr Emergency Department with resident doctors and nurses 24hrs duty. *Patient's admission and Ambulance assistance. Estrella Hospital Emilio Aguinaldo HighwayMunicipality of Silang 4118? (046) 414 1483 Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Memorial Hospital Trece Martires-Indang Road  Trece Martires City? (046) 419 2883 4. Restaurant Ala Eh! Cafe Amadeo Brgy. 6, Poblacion Amadeo, Cavite, Philippines Phone Number(+63 46) 682-0074 Mushroom Burger Tagaytay City Phonw Number:(046) 413 1330  ? Fire Lake Grill Unit 3 Cliffhouse Tagaytay, Aguinaldo Highway, Tagaytay City 4120 (046) 483 2069  ?  · Josephine'S  Restaurant Km. 58 General E. Aguinaldo Highway, Tagaytay City (046) 413 1801  ?  · Jollibee Emilio Aguinaldo Highway, Tagaytay City (046) 413 0921  ? Bag Of Beans – TagaytayG eneral Emilio Aguinaldo Highway Mendez Crossing West, Tagaytay City, Tagaytay-Nasugbu Highway, Tagaytay City Phone Number:(046) 413 4356  ? ? KING BEE (Chinese Cuisine) Newhall ComplexGovernor’s Drive, Manggahan Gen. Trias, Cavite Tel No. : (046) 402-0632/402-0634/538-0791/887-2784 CHOWKING (Waltermart)Governor’s Drive, Manggahan Gen. Trias, Cavite Tel No. : (046) 419-1006 JOLLIBEE (Waltermart)Governor’s Drive, Manggahan Gen. Trias, Cavite Tel No. : (046) 419-0991/419-0993 MC DONALD’S (Waltermart)Governor’s Drive, Manggahan Gen. Trias, Cavite Tel No. : (046) 402-0092/402-0091 5. SCHOOLSBrightways Academy| Banay BAnay, Amadeo| Dorcas Samaritan Academe, Inc. | J. Dela Pena St. , Amadeo| Dom Geraldo Childrens Center| Salaban Amadeo Cavite| Father Luigi Caburiotto School| Buho, Amadeo| Istituto Maria Immacolata| Banay Banay Amadeo| Maymangga Evangel Learning School| Brgy. Maymangga Amadeo| Scuola Maria Santissima, Inc. | 419 Brgy. Tamakan Amadeo Cavi te| St. Mary Magdalene Parochial School| 348 P. Zamora St. Amadeo| Sunstar Academy| Villanueva St. , Amadeo Cavite| St. Raphael School for Special Children, Inc. | Amadeo, Cavite| Tourism Activities A weekend coffee farmerCoffee farming can indeed be profitable. All it takes is dedication, patience and maybe, yes, a book of instructions. People's Park The building here was a project of ex president Marcos, but it was never completed. It is located around 8 kms from the rotunda and is built on the highest of the surrounding hills and offers spectacular views of Lake Taal. Many souvenir shops and fruit stands. Entrance 50 pesos. Zipline and Cable Car Affordable and basic, the Zipline and Cable Car is actually inside the Picnic Grove compound. The zipline was a fun experience The cage-like cable car looks boring though Horse Back RidingOne of the most common thing that many people who visited Tagaytay is to ride a horse, and your trip to tagaytay is not complete without trying this act ivity, you can find them in taal vista, picnic grove and people's park area. Pineapple Plantations There are lots of pineapple plantations in the areas around Amadeo as the conditions here are perfect for growing pineapples which are huge, sweet and juicy. Fishing When you are at Taal Lake, you will notice that there are many fish farms here. These farms are harvesting the famous tawilis fish and perhaps maliputo fish which are endemic to this lake, both are local delicacies.You will also see small boats on the lake, where the local fishermen will cast their nets and catch fishes in the lake Sight-Seeing Taal Volcano- an active volcano on the island of Luzon. Consists of an island in Lake Taal situated within a caldera formed by an earlier very large eruption. It is about 50 km from the Manila. The volcano has erupted violently several times, causing loss of life in the populated areas surrounding the lake. Because of its eruptive history and location close to population centres, th e volcano has been designated a Decade Volcano.V. SWOT ANALSYS STRENGTHS| WEAKNESSES| * Interesting ponds * Many varieties and choices to swim from * Friendly community * The depth of the lakes differ from each other * Many ponds to choose from * Near to malls, fast foods, hotels and Tagaytay City * Perfect for nature lovers, adventurous and those who love swimming * Very affordable entrance and no time limit * Rooms for overnight stay are available * There are different kinds of entertainment such as videoke, bar, picnic table and barbeque grillers * Temperature of the ater is tolerable| * Transportation from the main road for those commuters * Slippery pathways to the lake * Steep and dangerous stairs * No lifeguard * No indication of how deep are the ponds * No caution signs and guidelines * Undeveloped Comfort rooms * Very scary in the dark * Lack of safety measures * Insufficient cottages * sari-sari store is not available any time * lack of lights at night in the main road| OP PORTUNITIES| THREATS| Job opportunities for the community * Could make the place popular * best for resting and pampering * could increase the income of the government * could feed many families * can attract much more tourists| * Uncontrolled calamities * Landslide prone area * Unsafe and rocky waterbed * Uncontrollable strong flow of river * Global warming * Unfamiliar sea creatures * Flood prone area| VII. Recommendation Our group takes a research about Balite Falls that you can find in Amadeo Cavite.Even though the place was a bit developed still needs some development in the place which is transportation to get through the resort like to ride on the tricycle because the resort is too near to the main road. The place needs to put also a mini grocery or even a mini restaurant. The both sides of the road has a tree of coffee bean which is the one that the place needs also to put a mini coffee shop so that the coffee bean tree must be recognized to the tourist people who will visit the place. The Balite Falls Resort also needs to put mini cottages in the sides of the resort so people can left their things there.Balite Falls needs to put more comfort rooms. Balite Falls was owned by the Local Government. The local Government needs to give pay attention and needs to put a big fund on this place that the things that needs to develop will be well developed. VIII. Conclusion We therefore conclude that the Balite Falls must be recognized as one of the best tourist spots in our country because of having a good view in the place, can breathe a fresh air, beautiful waterfall in the falls. If you’re a nature lover you will love the place because of it is very quiet and relaxing place.The Local Government also needs to recognize their own tourist spot so it can be well known by the people and will be visited by the people in other countries. IX. Bibliography http://www. facebook. com/l. php? u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. tim. hawaii. edu%2Fdl%2FDocument%2520Library%2520%25 20TO%2520490%2520Additional%2520Materials%2FTO490_section-5_destination-planning. pdf;h=5AQEnr0Xg http://www. hotelscombined. com/City/Tagaytay. htm http://www. cavite. gov. ph/back%20up/index. php? option=com_content;view=article;id=224;Itemid=155 http://maps. google. com. ph/maps? l=en;psj=1;bav=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. r_qf. ;biw=1280;bih=699;um=1;ie=UTF-8;q=schools+in+amadeo+cavite;fb=1;gl=ph;hq=schools;hnear=0x33bd78eced989645:0x25102c05bd6d4007,Amadeo;sa=X;ei=01Z0UMOlCeyJmwXb2ICoCQ;ved=0CGkQtwMwCQ http://www. maplandia. com/philippines/region-4/cavite/amadeo/hotels/ http://food. clickthecity. com/b/Qp1c312/ala-eh-cafe-amadeo-cavite http://wikimapia. org/582590/Waltermart-General-Trias http://www. virtualtourist. com/travel/Asia/Philippines/Tagaytay_City/Tagaytay-1379582/Things_To_Do-Tagaytay-TG-C-1. html

Law Enforcement Essay

Policing as historically been a reactive enterprise. Law enforcement efforts are focused on responding to citizen request for service. Policing at the state and local level is structured to meet the demands for service. Ideas such as community policing as well as problem oriented policing have attempted to move policing into a proactive, future-oriented process. Policing will be greatly impacted by the rapid changing cultural dynamics of our communities. The most significant trend will continue to be the utilization of technology to law enforcement manifest in nearly every aspect of policing. The technology we currently have helped solve many crimes, prevent crimes, and facilitate crimes that have yet to be committed. The quick growth of technology continues to increase the weakness and fear, giving criminals new ways to commit crimes and police new tools to stop them. As neighborhood as well as drug crimes has slowed down a new wave of crime such as terrorism, internet as well as hacker crimes as taken the fore front. The tech savvy generation that is now emerging, will become even more tech crime knowledgeable. Law enforcement agencies will be dealing with smarter criminals. As police agencies make basic changes in gathering, accessing, communicating, as well as sharing information. Police administration will be at the center of system development and management. Technology will establish a very quick changing social environment to which law enforcement officers will have to adjust. This could lead to law enforcement officers who are not accustomed with or who cannot grip technology use to have to retire before their time or be passed up for any promotions. Technology will grant essential policing methods, structure, as well as process that law enforcement will have to create, incorporate, as well as learn. The twenty-first century has put policing into a whole new milieu one, in which the causes of crime often lie outside the immediate community, demanding new as well as innovative approaches from law enforcement. Law enforcement has been issue video cameras as well as other great technology to help them surveillance high crime areas in the communities. The decrease is cost and the increase in quality of technology in surveillance cameras, accompanied with a greater public acceptance of street surveillance, will push the trend towards more cameras. Though possibly the trend has subside, the public has become tolerant of privacy because of what happen on the 2001 terrorist attacks as well as following terrorist efforts made police realize that they need to understand the foundation in communities. There are a number of things that can affect the future of policing. It can be seen as a negative or a positive. Future policing in part will rely upon on the kind of society being policed as well as the social, economic and political realities. Policing has been seen as a slow-to-change subculture because of how fast technology continues to rotate. It is difficult to image how law enforcement will be able to cope with the emerging complexity of combating terrorism as well as internet crimes. While at the same time, trying to keep crime at a low rate in the communities. The possibility that law enforcement officers will not be able to keep up with the change of time of terrorism, cybercrime, technology was seen as the top leading serious threat. Another foreseen danger in the eyes of law enforcement is the misuse of power as well as abuse of authority by the men and women in charge. Aggressive policing and racial profiling could undermine the public trust with law enforcement officers. Unqualified law enforcement lacking leadership or a sense of public service also poses a very large threat to police. The threat is police enforcing the law as well as providing service that is managed by unqualified or under qualified person in control. Leadership occupies an important role towards the success or failure of every organization. Police performance affects by policing because of the lack of police on the force verses the high number of police that was in the past. This affects the number of police that is out protecting the community, stopping the high volume of crime we face today as well as the future ahead. Law enforcement agencies will have to adapt as well as change quickly, embrace technology and analyze emerging trends in communities. Another issue that can affect policing in the future is funding. Without the funding we would not be able to keep up with the hi-tech criminals if we cannot afford the equipment we need to keep up with them and stop them from committing these types of crimes. Most law nforcement department budgets are not big enough to get the latest equipment to fight crime as well as be unable to service the community fully. Some of the technology may seem like an invasion of privacy that can lead to a lawsuit but this type of technology can help fight crime. The changes that need to be made to effectively address these critical issues Officers need more extended training and yearly workshops to keep them up to date on the latest crimes of criminals to deter them from continuing the crimes weather there street crimes or cybercrimes. Reorganizing the way they fight crime can help them out a lot. Cooperation of law enforcement of all levels along with coordination with other agencies will be necessary to deal with crime that crosses jurisdiction. Internet crimes and offenses as well as terrorism are examples of such. Local police need to be more aware of what happen on and around their beat, the more they are aware the less bad things can happen in the community they patrol. They can keep the public safe and at peace. Law enforcement needs a bigger budget, to get all the latest equipment to keep up with the hi-tech criminal. This funding will help in the capture of the criminal who uses technology to commit crimes. It is believe that the added high tech spyware as well as the increase in surveillance can greatly help out other law enforcement departments as well as homeland security if necessary. Excellent technological knowledge, great educated and trained officers as well as leaders, and better community ties were seen by most as the significant promises in the future of policing. If there is a willingness of law enforcement agencies to work together, communicate, and share information with all jurisdictions and levels of government it would be a better working relationship that can benefit everyone. Great partnership with the community, improved technology, and ethical, educated employees is a good way to start for a policing future. You need to build relationships in order to build power to fight the crime and terrorism. It would be a more productive fight against crime if everyone was on the same page.

The Holy One of Israel in Isaiah

The Holy One of Israel This essay concerns about the meaning of the divine title ‘The Holy One of Israel’ in the Book of Isaiah. It is going to state clearly the study approach before going into the discussion. Approach of this essay The book of Isaiah had been studied through different approaches of which three are quite distinctive[1]. (1)A pre-critical, or traditional, understanding, still found in some conservative scholars. They keep the entire book of Isaiah connected to the prophet Isaiah of the eighth century B. C. E. There is nothing intrinsically impossible as the approach is ‘prophecy’. With the rise of ‘historical criticism’, such an approach has been commonly rejected in the interpretive world. (2)A critical understanding of the book of Isaiah is reflective of the intellectual world of the West in the 18th and 19th centuries that focused on historical issues. The dominant idea of this approach is the division of the book of Isaiah into, with short hand references, First Isaiah, Second Isaiah and Third Isaiah. However, the ‘three Isaiah’ only exist as an editorial convenience, but without integral connection to each other. 3)The canonical study of the book of Isaiah recognizes that the book is a literary complexity. It is a literary approach, draws upon historical-critical gains but moves beyond them toward theological interpretation. The last approach is used in this essay. Introduction The Holy One of Israel, as a description of God is a distinctive feature of the Book of Isaiah. The name appeared in the Old Testament 32 times, 26 times in Isaiah. The other six times in Jeremiah (50:29; 51:5), Ezekiel (39:7) and Psalms (71:22, 78:41, 89:18). It is hardly coincidence that in his vision in Chapter 6 Isaiah himself has heard the seraphim proclaiming â€Å"Holy, holy, holy is Almighty YHWH†, the whole book works out the implications of that vision. In chapters 1-12, and then 13-27, 28-39, 40-55 and at last 56-66, the message of this vision spreads in ever widening circles. Each part leads to the next, but each also relates to that key awareness that YHWH is The Holy One of Israel. The table below shows The Holy One of Israel appeared in the book of Isaiah at different periods of history with related scriptures. Part |Chapters |Motif |Historical Events[2] |Scriptures | | |1 |Prologue |In the days of 4 kings of Judah |1:4 | |1 |2-12 |Sign of Immanuel |Challenge to Judah: Time of Ahaz |5:19, 24; 10:17, 20; 12:6 | |2 |13-27 |Fall of a Great City |Calamity and Hope for the Nations |17:7 | |3 |28-39 |Siege of Jerusalem |Challenge to Judah: Time of Hezekiah |29:19, 23; 30:11, 12, 15; 31:1; 37:23 | |4 |40-55 |Light to the Nat ions |Comfort in Babylon |41:14, 16, 20; 43:3, 14; 45:11; 47:4; | | | | | |48:17; 49:7; 54:5; 55:5 | |5 |56-66 |Return of the Prodigal Son |Challenge to Judah after Exile |60:9, 14 | The Meaning of Holiness The Hebrew word for holiness is qodes (Greek: hagios). It is used for what is set apart from a common to a sacred use[3], as the utensils and ministers of the sanctuary, and certain days (Ex 20:8; 30:31; 31:10; Lev 21:7; Num 5:17; Ne 8:9; Zech 14:21); for what is separated from ceremonial defilement (Ex 22:31; Lev 20:26) or immorality (2Cor 7:1; 1Thes 4:7) including false worship and heathen practices (Lev 20:6, 7: 21:6). In a larger sense God is holy, for He is separated from all other beings by His infinite perfections, by His being, wisdom, power, holiness, justices, goodness, and truth, the glory of which fills the earth (Isa 6:3). Israel acquires holiness by being obedient to God’s commandments and faithful to His covenant (Lev 11:44; Deut 28:9)[4]. The concept of holiness permeates the life of Israel. Even the land occupied by the people is considered holy (Zech 2:12). The capital city Jerusalem is designated as the city of God, the holy habitation of the Most High (Ps 46:4). The Holy One of Israel The term ‘The Holy One of Israel’ reflects the dialectical relation between ‘The Holy One’ and ‘Israel’. It is a relation with the Holy One with a non-holy entity[5]. The Holy One requires Israel to be holy. ‘Be holy because I, the Lord Your God, am holy’ (Lev 19:2). The separate one becomes the attached one. Their relation is bound by covenant. The challenge of the relation is Israel’s unfaithfulness in worshipping other god’s. The most notable example is the imposition of Baal worship on the northern kingdom by Ahab’s marriage to Jezebel. Both the northern and the southern kingdoms suffered captivity. Any ‘rebellious’ from Israel side causes ‘discipline’ from The Holy One side. Exile’ from Israel causes ‘In the midst’ from the other, ‘punishment’ causes ‘redemption’, ‘go astray’ causes ‘teaches and leads’ etc. In the Book of Isaiah, the Holy One is the Lord, God. The Lord has passion. He is angry at Israel who rejects His laws (5:24; 31:1) but His compassion is good news more directly for the powerless (29:19). He is the Creator of Israel (43:15), the Maker of this nation (17:7; 45:11; 54:5). He is called the Holy One of Israel, and is in relation with Israel, like Husband and wife (54:5), Father and son (45:11; 63:16; 64:8). The Holy One of Israel is in the midst of the people of Israel (12:6), they will stay upon the Lord (10:20). The harmonious covenant relation between the Holy One and Israel is being challenged by the rebellious Israel. The people have forsaken the Lord, they have contemned The Holy One of Israel (1:4; 5:19, 24; 30:12; 37:23), they are turned away backward and they reject the law of the Lord (5:24). The people have been warned but they do not look unto The Holy One of Israel (31:1). Israel is being punished and exiled. This is the way that the Lord teaches and leads Israel (48:17) to restore the covenant relation. The Holy One of Israel, their Redeemer and Savior (41:14; 43:3, 14; 47:4; 48:17; 49:7; 54:5) rescues the people from exile so that they will understand the work of the Lord (29:23; 41:20), they will rejoice in the Lord and they will sanctify The Holy One of Israel (29:23; 41:16). He Himself works for Israel (43:14), through the redeeming work of the Lord, He has glorified Israel (55:5; 60:9, 14). YHWH’s majesty and authority is over Judah and other nations (49:7). On that day shall a man regard his Maker, and his eyes shall look to The Holy One of Israel (17:7). This is a sketch of a thread sewing The Holy One of Israel throughout the Book of Isaiah. It is discussed in more details below. Prologue (Chapter 1) Israel is called to be a holy nation (Exodus 19:6), now becomes a sinful nation (1:4). A people laden with iniquity, a people being the seed of Abraham become a seed of evildoers. They have despised The Holy One of Israel. The degenerated children have forsaken the Lord, their father. Nothing in human life is more tragic than an unsuccessful upbringing. God’s children rebel against God. ‘The ox knows his owner, and the ass his master’s crib, but Israel does not know, my people does not consider’ (1:3). The knowledge to The Holy One of Israel is even worse than ox and ass to their master. The rod of the Holy One is upon Israel, like the Holy Father disciplining His son (Hebrew 12:4-11). One day, Judah will be called the city of righteousness, the faithful city, Zion will be redeemed by justice, and those in her repent by righteousness (1:26, 27). Israel is like the prodigal son who returns to his father. Part 1 (Chapters 2-12) Sign of Immanuel Judah turns their back to God, the people think that the wealth is built by their power and might, they do not look up to their God, The Holy One of Israel, and they despise His words. They do not even know who they are before the Holy One of Israel. What a rebellious nation who tests and tries The Holy One of Israel. ‘Let Him make speed, let Him hasten His work, that we may see it and let the counsel of The Holy One of Israel draw nigh and come, that we may know it’ (5:19). The people do not know themselves before the Holy One. Even do they not seek the Holy One of Israel, nor do they lift up their eyes on God, but rather they have taunted and blasphemed the Lord (37:23). The sinful nation is called the rejecter of the law of the Lord and despiser of the Word of God (5:24). They forget the laws of the Lord, those holy decrees, laws and regulations that the Lord established on Mount Sinai. (Lev 26:46). For that reason the fire of judgment would descend on them like fire that devours the stubble, and they would burn like chaff. The wicked are perished in the judgment. They are like trees with rotten roots and blossom torn off by the wind. They fly away like dust (5:24). His hand is raised and strikes them down. His hand is still upraised (5:25). At the time of King Ahaz, a sign of Immanuel is given to the people of Judah. No matter how unfavorable the circumstances is, The Holy One of Israel is with them when Damascus and Samaria are punished, and also God will be with them when Assyria comes up to destroy like razor (7:10-20). Part 2 (Chapters 13-28) Fall of a Great City: Calamity and Hope for the Nation YHWH’s punishment comes. ‘The fortress will disappear from Ephraim, and the kingdom from Damascus’ (17:3a). Israel’s trouble comes from looking away from YHWH and disregarding YHWH’s governance and requirements. They have been excessively preoccupied with their own achievements and mesmerized by their own religious assurances. But now Israel would refocus their eyes back to ‘The Holy One of Israel’ (17:7). The theme is repentance and return to YHWH. Part 3 (Chapters 28-39) Siege of Jerusalem The Holy One of Israel is a Protector but the people of Judah do not seek Him. God has spoken to the leaders of Israel not to depend on Egypt, nor to return to Egypt to acquire more horses (Deut 17:16). However they opposed Him and turned their back on Him. ‘Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many and in horsemen, because they are exceeding mighty; but they look not unto The Holy One of Israel, nor seek the Lord! ’ (31:1) They are rebellious people, faithless children, who do not listen the instruction of the Lord (30:9). They do not like the true prophesy (31:10), nor the right path, nor listening to The Holy One of Israel (31:11). Therefore, the punishment of The Holy One of Israel is upon them, like a break in a high wall, bulging out, and about to collapse, whose crash come suddenly (31:13) its breaking is like a smashing potter’s vessel (31:14). The Holy One of Israel urged His people to return and rest (30:15), to be quiet like a weaned child at its mother’s breast, and to surrender trustingly to their father, to have childlike faith. However, Judah is constantly in fear, surrounding by enemies. The wicked man has no peace but grief. Judah does not have the love of God to cast out fear. They were nervous and ran to and fro without any accomplishment. They focused not on The Holy One of Israel but wrongly on Egypt’s chariots and horses. The city of Jerusalem finally falls down. The people become captives, being exiled to Babylon. Part 4 (Chapters 40-55): Light to the Nation During the period of exile, The Holy One of Israel is a Comforter. ‘Fear not! ’ the Lord speaks to Jacob three times in 41:10-14. That is indeed necessary because the poor exiles fear so many things. But the Lord, the faithful covenant God, uses all kinds of motives and inducements to comfort His people. In the exile, Jacob looks like worm, insect, dead man. The Lord’s comfort gives light to this nation. ‘Fear not, for I am with you, do not be afraid for I am your God. I will strengthen you, and I will help you. I will uphold you with my victorious right hand. (41:10) ‘For I, the Lord your God, hold your right hand; it is I who say to you, â€Å"Do not fear, I will help you†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(41:13). ‘Do not fear, you worm Jacob, you insect Israel! I will help you, says the lord; your redeemer is The Holy One of Israel’ (41:14). The Lord will hel p Jacob with His right hand. He will make Jacob a new sharp threshing instrument having teeth, to thresh, strike, punish and crush the mountains and hills, so that they are blown away as chaff before the wind. On that day Jacob will rejoice in the Lord, they will glory in The Holy One of Israel. Lord’s comfort brings hope to the nation. The desert people know what it meant to suffer thirst. The exile experiences are like the poor and needy seeking water. The Lord has heard their voices. He will not forsake them. To those perishing with thirst, much water supply was the most impressive metaphor of rich blessings. This abundance is described as the breaking forth of streams, even on the plateaus. Trees will come up in former deserts. On that day, they may see and know and consider, and understand together, that the hand of the Lord has done this, and The Holy One of Israel has created it. Redeemer and Creator (43:1-15) The Holy One of Israel is a Redeemer of Jacob. He has given Egypt as Jacob’s ransom, Ethiopia and Sheba in exchange for Jacob. Why? Because the Lord is the creator of Israel, for he will redeem His people (43:1). The Lord calls Jacob by name, showing intimate relationship between the covenant God and Israel. Israel was precious in God’s sight and honored, and God loved Israel. He gave people in return for Israel, nations in exchange for their life. Also, the Lord is their God, The Holy One of Israel, their Savior. He will protect them. The fire constantly purifies Israel, but it never consumes her; the water cleanses her, but it could never swallow up the Jews. ‘When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; And when you pass through the rivers, they will not sweep over you. When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned; The flames will not set you ablaze. ’ (43:2) For the sake of Jacob, The Holy One of Israel will punish Babylon, He will bring down all of them as fugitives, even the Chaldeans, in the ships of their shouting, because The Holy One of Israel is their Redeemer, their Creator, their King (43:15), their Maker and Husband (54:5). Part 5 (Chapters 56-66) Return of the Prodigal Son The Holy One of Israel participates in the Return of Jacob to Jerusalem. 60:9 and 60:14 mentions ‘The Holy One of Israel’. It is a scene of return of Jacob to Jerusalem from Babylon. In 60:9, ‘to bring your children from far away, their silver and gold with them, for the name of the Lord your God’ refers to the return of Israel with the herald of the King Cyrus of Persia (Ezra 1:1-4). Verse 14 referred to the help of the Lord, Jerusalem is called the City of the Lord, the Zion of The Holy One of Israel. In the exposition of Chapter 60, Harry Bultema[6] writes that ‘some attempted to explain this divine oracle concerning the blessedness of the Israelites as taking place after the return from Babylon; others explained them wholly spiritually of the prosperity, growth and extension of the Christian Church during the days of the New Testament’. Bulterma further quotes the expositor Van der Palm statement ‘the former explanation must of necessity weaken the intended meaning of the words, and the latter violates all sound literal biblical exegesis. ’ Since it has been stated in the beginning that the approach of this essay is canonical literary one, it is not agree to take the traditional view here. From the structure of Chapter 60, it refers to the return from Babylon. -5Glory of the Lord is upon Jerusalem. 6-12Gold and frankincense and all the riches are brought to Jerusalem by sea and by land. 13-18Those who oppressed Israel shall come bending low to Israel. T hey would know this is the work of the Lord, He is their savior, Redeemer, the Mighty One of Jacob. 19-22God was the glory of Zion. One more discussion: Is Jesus The Holy One of Israel? From the above discussion, we can see that The Holy One of Israel is God who bears the following titles: Redeemer, Savior,Comforter,Protector,King, Creator,Maker,Husband,Father There are two questions arise. First, ‘Is The Holy One of Israel referring to Jesus and never in any way beyond Jesus? Second, ‘Is The Holy One of Israel referring to Jesus? ’ In response to the first question, Harry Bultema states that it refers to our Lord Jesus, ‘who is constantly indicated and further defined as the One who created and formed Israel and who one day shall deliver, protect, and glorify it as the Savior. ’[7] It is not agree with Bultema for two reasons, though The Holy One of Israel bears the above titles in the book of Isaiah. (1)In Isaiah, The Holy One of Israel is also refe rred to as a Father (45:11), which is contradict to the title of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. 2) The promise applies to Israel. The church should not rob the glory of the Jews. Da Costa complained once – our country, our cities, our glorious name and the church had robbed us of our promises. Did this not concern you, O Christians. ’ In response to the second question, the title is originally referring to God who comforts, redeems, creates, etc in the Old Testament time. It is very closed referring to Jesus, except for the title of ‘Father’ whose name exists in the triune God. Conclusion With the approach of the canonical study of the book of Isaiah, it is found that the Holy One is the Lord, God. He is the Creator of Israel, the Maker of this nation. He is the Father of this people. The following few lines summarize this essay. Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God Almighty, Immanuel is Your name. Woe to those who despise Your Words, The Holy One of Israel they know not. Woe to those who seek help from Egypt, Protector, Comforter, Savior, Redeemer, they ask not. Your rod from Assyria is upon them, but You are in the midst of them. On that day, their eyes are upon You, They will see You are the Deliverer, the Maker of this Nation. On that day, the Creator will hear, Your are my Father, we are Your children. Bibliography 1. Walter Brueggemann, Isaiah 1 – 39 (Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville) 1998. 2. Walter Brueggemann, Isaiah 40 – 66 (Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville) 1998. 3. John Goldingay, New International Biblical Commentary: Isaiah, (Hendrickson Publishers, Massachusetts) 2001. 4. John D. Davis, Davis dictionary of the Bible, 4th edn (Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1975. 5. Johannes B. Bauer, Encyclopedia of Biblical Theology Vol 1, (Sheed and Ward, London) 1970. 6. Stephen Lee, Lecture Notes on BSN304: Understanding Isaiah: An Exploration on the Spirituality of Exile, 2010. 7. Gordon C. I. Wong, The Road to Peace: Pastoral Reflections on Isaiah 1-12, (Genesis Book, Singapore) 2009. 8. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Volume II:E-J, (Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1982 ———————– 1] Walter Brueggemann, Isaiah 1 – 39, (Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville) 1998, 3-5. [2] John Goldingay, New International Biblical Commentary: Isaiah, (Hendrickson Publishers, Massachusetts) 2001, 8. [3] John D. Davis, Davis dictionary of the Bible, 4th edn (Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1975, 334. [4] Geoffrey W. Bromiley, The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Volume II:E-J, (Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1982, 725-726. [5] John Goldingay, New International Biblical Commentary: Isaiah, 15. [6] Harry Bultema, Commentary on Isaiah, (Kregel Publications, Grand Rapids, Michigan) 1981, 584. [7] Harry Bultema, Commentary on Isaiah, 20-22.

Language change and Language contact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Language change and Language contact - Essay Example The linguistic structure of any language is the pillar of dialect differentiation. That is vocabulary and grammar which is composed of the formation of words (morphology) and sentence structure (syntax). For instance, in Australia, Canada and US, the term corn is interpreted as maize. The same word means wheat and oats in England and Scotland respectively. A language code is a letter or a number for identifying different languages. They are useful in the organization of data for a particular language. Schemes use them to classify languages. In ISO 639‑1 for instance, the name of English is en and the name of Spanish language is es. In the 16th to 19th century, Europeans and non-Europeans interacted in other areas other than Europe. There various activities that led to these interactions such as colonization, plantation agriculture, mining and trade. Pidgin as a language, it developed as a means of communication between those groups. There were no native speakers as the users of the language used it only for their activities and they went back to their native languages for intrapersonal communication. When different cultures and languages come together, they combine their gestures, sounds and their words to form pidgin. In communication of people from different language backgrounds, there exist different gestures, different vocal patterns and speeches. For smooth communication, they have to adjust all of them according to their personal usage. Communication accommodation is practiced to reduce social differences. There are two processes that are involved in communication accommodation which are convergence and divergence accommodation (Fromkin & Hyams, 2014). Phonology is a part of language change and deals with how to sequence and structure the speech sounds. Different languages have different phonemes (speech sound). For instance, the sound ng in bang cannot be allowed to come in front of the word. In phonology

Instruments and Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Instruments and Markets - Essay Example A company needs to be able to meet its current liabilities using its current asset for it to be operational. Companies have short term liabilities that need to be paid and also long term liabilities due (Vandyck, 2006).Therefore the BHP Company has a current ratio of 0.97 which implies that the current asset and the current liabilities almost cancel out. This is a safe cash flow position that shows the firm can adequately service its obligation The company’s level of efficiency in terms of return on assets stood at 9.44% while the Return on equity was 15.92%. These ratios give the efficiency at which the company’s resources were used to achieve the various results and how effective they were. The debt to equity ratio gives the distribution of the capital structure in terms of how much is contributed by stock and how much by debt. A high debt to equity ratio would mean a company is heavily dependent on debt and hence plenty of its future profits would be tied down and there would be less flexibility. A debt to equity ratio of almost 50% shows the two sources of capital are evenly

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

American History - Assignment Example The subsequent American Revolution saw the emergence of the new and proud country, confident of carving an area for themselves, which eventually resulted in the formation of the United States of America. This rightful fight against oppression and the subsequent and successful expansion across geographical areas in North America became ordained as a part of ‘manifest destiny’ was first coined by journalist John O’Sullivan in 1839. According to him, â€Å"It is so destined, because the principle upon which a nation is organized fixes its destiny, and that of equality is perfect, is universal. It presides in all the operations of the physical world, and it is also the conscious law of the soul -- the self-evident dictates of morality, which accurately defines the duty of man to man, and consequently mans rights as man† (O’Sullivan). Sullivan’s words actually provided a justification and even motivation for the expansion based on principles of â⠂¬Ëœduty of man to man’ that it sort of became a divine right to encroach upon and conquer areas that did not adhere to this principle. In the words, it formed the right to take control of any territory and allow people who believed in freedom to populace it. But, from the words of Owsley and Smith, this divine right had degraded to the extent of ‘might is right’ as seen in subsequent events. According to the authors, â€Å"the natural right of expansion, however, unquestionably lay in the power to conquer. What ultimately made expansion not only possible but apparently inevitable was not some transcendent destiny but rather the absence of a powerful neighbor to check its progress† (Owsley and Smith, 1997, p.10). It is true that the United States has become a powerful and unified entity as a nation due to this concept. The failure of Soviet Union as a unified nation, and the embracing by China, capitalistic principles, have proved that the policy of freedo m of individuals

Charging of a 6-12V lead acid battery through the use of a solar panel Essay

Charging of a 6-12V lead acid battery through the use of a solar panel - Essay Example Currently, man used the fullest potential of the solar system that able the man to use it as the source of renewable energy research. The project that includes in this research used the solar power as the source of energy for the circuit.This study used a solar cell battery charger, which is an instrument that sum up all the energy in a rechargeable battery by driving an electric current on it. There are given two tasks that need to take note in commonly using lead-acid based battery charges. First, it is task to fully pay attention for the self-discharge, frequently faster as practical in order to have a consistency in its capacity. Second, it is tasked to restore capacity. For both tasks cases, ideal operation needs to exactly identify the voltage of the battery. The aim of this project is to formulate a circuit that through the use of photovoltaic cells as a main basis would charge a 6-12V lead acid based battery. Depending to the given technology and capacity of the battery that being charge will determine the charge current. In this case, it is preferable to use 6V and 12V batteries. For this project to be able to complete, it is recommended to choose a voltage regulator circuit that has the ability to constantly maintain a certain voltage level; It is also recommended to use a voltage circuit checker in order to trace the voltage in the given battery before charging. Project Aim The aim of this project is to formulate and improve a circuit that has the ability to charge a 6-12V lead acid based battery, through the use of a solar panel as the main source of energy that will be carried out on the circuit; that will be able to allocate a wide range of use. Statement of Objective 1. To improve a charging circuit that can charge a 6-12V lead acid based battery through these of photovoltaic panels as a DC source. 2. To know how battery charger works. 3. Tounderstand more the Solar panel energy. Introduction This section explains the global history of solar ener gy. It also conducts a literature review. There are figures that this review includes; full corresponding details are stated. Word History - Solar energy Figure 1 Solar Energy The sun’s radiant light and its heat are the main sources of solar energy. Earth's weather and climate are being controlled by solar energy, as it gives life to all living things in the earth. Solar energy is a word that is being indicated as solar power; furthermore, solar power also refers to electricity generated from solar radiation. Biomass and hydroelectricity are said accountable for most of the present movement of renewable energy on Earth. However, for example wave power and its wind, solar energy only establishes minor energy resources. Actually, solar energy technologies have the ability to supply electrical generation through heat engines or photovoltaic means. Passive solar buildings also bring safe water use as potable in drinking, hot water, daylight, and for thermal energy; this excludes geothermal energy that was carried out from the energy that comes from the sun. Solar radiation is mainly included in this industrial type of solar energy that is recommendable to use for practical ends. There are two characteristic of solar technology: active or inactive. The solar cell captures, disseminates and translates sunlight. There are also solar energy techniques in order to convert sunlight into functional outputs, such as pumps, photovoltaic

Realist Theories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Realist Theories - Assignment Example China wants to resolve the issue with the countries involved and not with the international bodies. If this can be resolved, what could these small countries do if China will lose its military might on its claims on the disputed islands. China may be emboldened to bully its neighboring countries due to its $9240 billion GDP which is the second highest in the world. This GDP also allowed it to have a military superiority against its neighbors including Japan. Even if their total economies and population will be combined, it would still be no match against China. In addition, China is the only nuclear capable state in that region. China however must take into account that there are two countries (Philippines and Japan) among the claimants that has Mutual Defense Treaty with the United States, the largest economy in the world and strongest military in the world. If China attacks Philippines and Japan, this would make the Mutual Defense Treaty take into effect dragging United States in the war. In addition, the international community will also be against China because Philippines has brought the issue to the international court for arbitration and waging a war against other claimants will be trespass the case before international

Family Gathering as a Time for Joy and Celebration Essay

Family Gathering as a Time for Joy and Celebration - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that as both of the author's and his friend's families gather together at Thanksgiving, and, really, no other time except maybe Christmas Eve, Thanksgiving will be the example that will be used to illustrate what the author means. First, there are similarities that must be pointed out. Both of them have large extended families, and both of them see the members of the extended family on Thanksgiving. The food at these gatherings is traditional. Turkey, cranberry sauce, green bean casserole, stuffing, pumpkin pie, sweet potatoes, mashed potatoes, and gravy. With her family, there is pot-luck, where guests bring a dish, and typically the dishes are of the dessert variety. So, one year the gathering had carrot cake and fruit salad to go along with the other offerings, while somebody else brought a small casserole to serve. The author’s family is much the same, although his mother makes all the main courses. There is another difference, and that is that the author’s family buys the processed and canned stuff, whereas her family does not. So, instead of real potatoes being used in the mashed potatoes, their mashed potatoes are from a box. Her mashed potatoes are actual potatoes which are put into a food processor with butter and sour cream to whip them up. The author’s gravy is from a jar; her gravy is made from scratch, from animal drippings, wine, and flour. The author’s sweet potatoes are from a can; hers are made from actual sweet potatoes which are roasted and put through a food processor. The author’s cranberry sauce is from a can; hers are real cranberries, boiled and sweetened. The author’s pumpkin pie is made from canned pumpkin pie filling; hers is made from actual pumpkins. The author used to think that her mother was Martha Stewart, but her mother insists that it is just as easy to make food homemade then to buy it from a can. At any rate, the author spent one Thanksgiving with her, and he has to say, the difference in the two meals is amazing. The author wishes that his mother had as much energy as hers when it comes to preparing meals. While the menus are the same, except that her family’s menu is made from scratch and theirs isn’t, there is a large difference in the atmosphere. The main reason for this is because the author’s family typically gets drunk at Thanksgiving. And by family, he means everybody, from age 14 to age 90, partakes in the festivities. One year, a guest brought a large bottle of Petron Tequila, and everybody did shots. The author didn’t do shots because he doesn’t like tequila, but he was the exception. The author doesn’t remember a family gathering where people did not end up throwing up, dancing manically, and screaming at each other for little or no reason. Because hard alcohol is a staple at these gatherings, things get pretty loose. By the end of the evening, the music is blaring, and people are dancing around the living room while others are passed out on various couches. Some people are hanging on everybody, telling them how much they love them, while others are crying. People start skinny-dipping in the hot tub. If it weren’t for the tension that inevitably marks these gatherings, these gatherings would be pretty fun. On the other hand, her gatherings are much more subdued, although not boring.   Wine and beer are served to the guests, but no hard alcohol.   This makes for much less blatant drunkenness, yet people still have a good time.  

ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION Essay Example for Free

ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION Essay ROAD TO AMIRS REDEMPTION In a lifetime, everyone will face personal battles and guilt, some large and some small. Such as guilt over sneaking out, not doing homework, or telling your parents a little white lie. People find peace of mind through redeeming themselves, in other words, we do something that makes up for the cause of guilt. Khaled Hosseinis novel The Kite Runner revolves around betrayal and redemption. Redemption is the act of saying or being saved from sin, error or evil, which the main character Amir seems to need the most. Amir lives with the guilt he has built up over the years because of one incident from his childhood. Amirs fathers words still echo through his head A boy who wont stand up for himself becomes a man who cant stand up to anything. –pg. 24 Although Amir destroyed the lives of many people, and he has had more than one opportunity to redeem himself of his guilt, he is not the selfish little boy he once was. How often does one stop and think, How will this affect everyone else in my life? Amir had a chance in the alley, to put Hassan first and change the path of both their lives, but he made the decision to turn around and run because it was what he thought was best for him: I had one last chance to make a decision. One final opportunity to decide who I was going to be. I could step into that alley, stand up for Hassan – the way hed stood up for me all those times in the past – and accept whatever would happen to me. Or I could run. In the end, I ran. I ran because I was a coward. I was afraid of Assef and what he would do to me. I was afraid of getting hurt. Thats what I told myself as I turned my back to the alley, to Hassan. Thats what I made myself believe. I actually aspired to cowardice, because the alternative, the real reason I was running, was that Assef was right: Nothing was free in this world. Maybe Hassan was the price I had to pay, the lamb I had to slay, to win Baba. –pg.77 Amirs selfish ways were a result of the lack of his fathers affection in his life. As a young boy, he was forced to deal with his fathers disinterest in him, which made him incredibly jealous of Hassan. Amir could not understand at the time, why his father adored his servants son more  than his own son. As the tension increases between Amir and Hassan, Amir can no longer stand to see Hassan everyday because of what Amir had not stopped and he could not bare seeing his father showing Hassan love and not him. Hassan and his father are forced to leave their home after Amir places his watch under Hassans pillow and accuses him of stealing it. Hassan did not even deny the accusations because he had figured out what Amir was doing. Hassan knew. He knew I had betrayed him and yet he was rescuing me once again, maybe for the last time. –pg.111 Even after the alleged theft of the watch, Amirs father is willing to forgive Hassan, which stunned Amir, and made him see that the love his father has for Hassan is greater than he imagined. Amir did not just ruin Hassans life; he also ruined the lives of many people with his decisions after the incident in the alley. Baba lost a chance to watch his son, Hassan, grow up and also lost the chance to bring him to America so he could start a new life. Sohrab lost both his parents to war because they were still living in Afghanistan, lost his childhood to war, and tried to commit suicide as a result of Amir going back on his promise to keep him safe from orphanages. Soraya lost her right to the truth when Amir kept his past a secret even though she opened up to him about hers. It is one thing to destroy your own life with guilt, but it is a completely different issue when you destroy the lives of others. Before Amir can go on the road to redemption, Amir must realize that he cant go back and change what he has done as a child, and he must find inner peace. Although if it was not for Amirs actions as a child, Sohrab never would have needed to be saved in the first place but by saving Sohrab, the last piece of Hassans life, does make a difference. From the moment he chose to turn his back on Hassan, there were many chances where Theres a way to be good again –pg.238 for all his wrongdoings, but he chose not to take any of these. Sohrab was his last and only chance for redemption. I have a wife in America, a home, a career and a family. But how could I pack up and go back home when my actions may have cost Hassan a chance at those very same things? And what Rahim Khan revealed to me changed things. Made me see how my entire life, long before the winter of 1975, dating back to when that singing Hazara woman was still nursing me, had been a cycle of lies betrayals and secrets. –pg.238 Amir admits that he cost Hassan a chance at a good life and that he had many opportunities to change the outcome of Hassans life. But at this moment he realized he could lose everything he has built in America, but for the first time in his life, Amir did not care about only himself, he came to terms with what he had done, and he was ready to redeem himself at any cost. Amir finally became the man who stood up for himself and his sins. Throughout his childhood, Amir looked for his fathers affection and he never could get it. His father had said Im telling you, Rahim, there is something missing in that boy. –pg.24 Amirs father would have been proud of him at this very moment because that was all he had wanted from him. The guilt that was built over the years was finally put to rest at the safety of Sohrab. In Afghanistan when Amir stood up for Sohrab and Assef aggressively beat him up, Amir had said My body was broken—just how badly I wouldnt find out until later—but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed. –pg.289 which showed Amir had come to terms with what he had done as a child and was finally felt relieved. Although he was getting beat up, it did not matter anymore, he just wished he had stood up to Assef years ago, and maybe he would have earned his redemption in that alley.

Attack Tree Of Computer Security

Attack Tree Of Computer Security This report is introduces about the possible attack for company and it represent by the attack tree diagram. In the company have six computer and internal server. Each computer is using Microsoft window 7. They are using the DVD to store the backup and the router is default setting. Each employee has the email address. Firstly, I will attack the workstation, try to obtain the password illegally and attack the security such as install virus, Trojan, worm and DOS attack. After that, I will attack the dvd to get the dvd and do some malicious action. Obtain the DVD can through the employee, such as bribe or threaten. Malicious action will install the threats into the DVD and spread to other computer when they are using the backup. Then, we will attack the router which is change the WEP or filter the mac address to cause the computer cannot connect to the network. We also can using threats through the router to install into the system, e.g plashing, pharming, DNS cache poisoning and spoof ing. However, I will attack the server using the internal threats and external threats, such as ask a person to disguise a customer to get the information from company, or ask the temporarily customer to be a spy to do some malicious action. Moreover, attack the email using the security threats like phishing, email spam, virus and spam. Then, obtain the email password from the target. Finally, attack the window 7 using hacking tools to destroy the host file from the system and using physical attack to the system and obtain the important data or change the data to make a big lose for the company. All of these attacks will discuss in this report. Introduction and scope Attack tree helps one to understand security issue better, from the stand point of an attacker. Attack trees are a graphical and mathematical construct used to identify most of the attack that will cause the greatest risk to the defender, determine effective strategies decrease the risk in a acceptable level for the defender, describe the potential attack between the adversary and the defender, provide a communication mechanism for security analysts, capture what is known and believed about the system and its adversaries, and store the information in a diagram that can be understood for the subsequently defenders. Although it is very hard to identify the entire possible factor that leads to intuition, it is based on the experiences and the ability to extrapolate how the experiences apply on the new situation.  For example, the effectiveness of internet security, network security, banking system security, installation and personnel security may all be modelled using attack trees. Th e ideal of attack tree is that an equipment, software, process could have vulnerabilities that when successful, they could compromise the entire system. Scope There are six computers and one internal server and each computer encompasses Microsoft Window 7 and Microsoft Office 2007. Each workstation has been patched with all updates of March 25, 2010. They are using ADSL 2+ connection. The server and workstation backup is store in a DVD. All the employees have email addresses and there share the document through a D-Link DNS-323 NAS. The router is utilising default settings and consists of a D-Link DSL G604t. Each workstation is utilising Microsoft Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool. Assumptions -The room houses the server is not locked or well protected with access key. -The router is not updated with the latest patches and set the default setting. -The workstations are not created with user login account. -No legal antivirus software is installed. Attack tree for compromising availability Spyware Trojan Virus Worm DOS attack Security attack Attack workstation Description: Due do the workstation do not have any legal antivirus software, so the security of the workstation is weak. We can use different threats to attack the workstation. We will install spyware to the workstation through email, when the employee clicks on the email. Spyware will collect some information from there without their knowledge. It is hard to detect, unless the user install the anti spyware software. We also use the same way to install the Trojan, virus and worm into the workstation. Trojan will format the hard drive when the user runs it. Virus will spread from one device to another, when they are connecting to another computer or device. Most of the virus will destroy the data or cause the computer keep reboot. Worm will use up the computer resources and possibly shutting down the system. Install the DOS (Denial of service) attack to prevent the user to access information or service, such as access email, website, etc. Attack workstation Steal Get password from employee Bribe Threaten Find written password Obtain login password illegally Use widely known password Learn password Guess password Description: The other way to attack the workstation is obtain the administrator login password illegally. First of all, we can try to guess the password or use the widely known password, because most of the users usually use the password to easy memories. After that, we also can learn the password such as find the written password from the user. We also can get the password from the employee. There are many ways to get from them. Firstly, we can threaten the employee, like find out some secret from the employees. However, we can bribe the employees to give them some advantages, such as money or something they like. Finally, we can steal from the employee, like install remote password stealer computer and receive the password through email. Blackmail Bribe Employee Copy Steal Exchange DVD Obtain DVD Attack backup Description: The backup of company is store in a DVD, so there are many possible ways to obtain the DVD. Firstly, we can use another DVD to exchange with the DVD backup, so they cannot find out any problem before they use the DVD. After that, we also can steal the DVD or copy the DVD. Finally, we can bribe the employee or blackmail the employee to let him get the DVD. Attack backup Malicious action Spyware Virus Trojan Destroy DVD Description: Another way to attack the backup is do malicious action. We can destroy DVD, like burn or break it. We also can put the threats through email or employee to the workstation, so after they backup the threats also in the DVD. When they use the backup DVD, the Trojan will install in the system, and format the hard drive of the system. Virus will spread into the system to destroy the data or make the system error. Spyware will install into the system and collects some information from the system, so we can know what is the user doing in the system. Filter the mac address Set the WEP Get in the router Attack router Change router login password Block the website Description: Because of the router is using the default setting, so they do not change the login password. So we can get in the router using the default password. After that, we can change the login password and set a WEP to ignore the employee using the wireless. However, we can filter the mac address to disable employees computer to connect internet. Furthermore, we also can block some URL about the company, so the employee cannot access the website. Phlashing Pharming DNS cache poisoning Spoofing Attack router Security attack Description: There is some security attack to the router. We can use the spoofing attack to masquerades as another program to falsifying data and gaining some advantages. Furthermore, DNS cache poisoning will corrupts the DNS table and cache, so the domain name will assign with a malicious IP address. When the employee use the malicious IP address, the computer will infected by worm, viruses or spyware. Moreover, we also can use pharming to attack the router. Pharming is redirecting the website traffic to a bogus website. When the employee get in the website, pharming will conducted to change the hosts file or exploitation the vulnerability in DNS server software. Finally, phlashing will exploit vulnerability in network based firmware update, it will permanently disable the hardware by loading corrupted BIOS onto the hardware. Attack server Trojan Worm Virus Check for the security protection Install remote access Disguise Eavesdrop Security attack Espionage Temporarily employee Customer Internal threats Description: There are two internal threats to attack the server. Due to the room of server is do not lock properly, so the temporarily employee can easily get in the room. Temporarily employee maybe is espionage to get the information from the server. They will install remote access to control the server, such as delete the data or destroy the server. They also will attack the security and install virus, worm and Trojan to exploit the server and cause the server crash. Attacker also will disguise be a customer, so they can go to the company easily. They can be eavesdrop in the company, and they can check for the security protection of the company, find out the vulnerability, so they can easily get into the company when nobody inside. Attack server Internal threats Across to the computer room power Across to the power switch Turn off security protection Rename server Turn the power off Steal data Employee Description: Another internal threat is employee. We can bribe the employee, because employees already work in the company for a long time, so we can ask them to steal important data or some secret data of the company. However, we also can ask them to turn off the power of the server room, so some document have not save will missing. Employees can across the power switch or across to the computer room power to turn off the power. Then, turn off the security protection in the server, so we can easily to hack into the server. Finally, rename the server and cause all computer cannot connect to the server. Obtain password from target Threats Trojan Viruses Email spam Phishing Security attack Attack email Description: Email will attack by the threats and obtain the password illegally from the target. We can threaten or blackmail the target to get the email password, so we can send email for others and provide wrong information to them. There are four types of threats send to the email and bluff the employee to click it, so the threats will install into the system. First, phishing will send by the email and come out well known website, then the employee go to the website and key in the username and password, their information will obtain by attacker. Moreover, the email spam will send the message to numerous recipients by email, and it is unsolicited. However, viruses are dangerous because they often deliver extremely destructive payloads, destroying data, and bringing down entire mail systems. Finally, use email installs Trojan to obtain confidential information or gain control of the server. Attack Microsoft Window 7 Change the document Destroy host file Spyware Malware Hacking tools Turn off power supply Disguise Cleaner Destroy computer Description: Microsoft window 7 is the widely operating system in the world, so there are many hacking tools to hack into the system. Attacker can pretend be a cleaner, and using the tools to hack into the system, after that install the malware to destroy the host file or change the important document, effects the company process. Then, install the spyware to spy the user work in the system and obtain the login password. Furthermore, we also can destroy the computer such as use water or burn it. Finally, turn off the power supply and cause the system lost the data before the user save it. Attack Microsoft Window 7 Physical attack Security attack Teardrop Remote access trojan Worm Virus Crash Win 7 Description: Microsoft window 7 also can attack physically. Because of the window 7 is widely use, so attacker are found many security vulnerability. Teardrop attack is a form of denial of service (DOS) attack, it will exploit the system when the internet protocol requires that a packet too big for the next router to handle has to split into fragments. In the teardrop attack, attackers IP puts an odd and confusing offset value in the second fragment or in a fragment thereafter. If the operating system under the teardrop attacks, the system will crash. Another is security attack, we can ask the employee or using the email to install virus, worm and spread all of these threats to the entire computer in the company on the network, and make the system down. Another threat is using remote access Trojan to control the system. This type of Trojan creates a backdoor into the system. We can use the client to control the server, this can allow to almost completing control over the victims system. Attack Microsoft Office 2007 Confidential loss Threats of document Integrity loss Altered data Corrupt data Sell data Broadcast data Description The method of attack the Microsoft Office 2007 is threats the document. Firstly, we can get the document from employee or using the Trojan or virus through email send to the system to obtain the document. Then, it will cause the integrity loss and confidential loss. In the integrity loss, we will altered the data and corrupt the data. In the confidential loss, we will broadcast the data or sell the data to another company, so the secret of the company will know by everyone. These two type of method will cause big loss for the company. Conclusion As you can seem that from the diagram, there are many attack come from many different ways such as internal threats, external threats. Internal threats are cause by the employee, customer and the worker in the company. External threats are cause by the attacker using different method to hack into the system to do malicious action. But comparatively, the attacking from internal is easier, because the employee is know more about the company and can get the data easily, but that is dangerous, if the company found that, they will get catch. In the other hand, the attacking from external is difficult but safe, because they do not know where is the data and also need to avoid the security protection, but if the company found that, they is hard to track the attacker. All of the diagram above is some of the possible attack, there are still have many possible attack. Indeed, with the technological advancements, it is likely that the computer threats will emerge in endlessly, so the possible a ttack will come out more and more in the future. Glossary Virus- A hidden, self-replicating section of computer software, usually malicious logic, that propagates by infecting i.e., inserting a copy of itself into and becoming part of another program. A virus cannot run by itself; it requires that its host program be run to make the virus active. Trojan- A computer program that appears to have a useful function, but also has a hidden and potentially malicious function that evades security mechanisms, sometimes by exploiting legitimate authorizations of a system entity that invokes the program. Worm- A computer program that can run independently, can propagate a complete working version of itself onto other hosts on a network, and may consume computer resources destructively. Spyware- Spyware is a type of malware that can be installed on computers and collects little bits of information at a time about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically hidden from the user, and can be difficult to detect. Typically, spyware is secretly installed on the users personal computer. Spam-Electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings. Spoofing-Attempt by an unauthorized entity to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user. Pharming-This is a more sophisticated form of MITM attack. A users session is redirected to a masquerading website. This can be achieved by corrupting a DNS server on the Internet and pointing a URL to the masquerading websites IP. Almost all users use a URL like www.worldbank.com instead of the real IP (192.86.99.140) of the website. Changing the pointers on a DNS server, the URL can be redirected to send traffic to the IP of the pseudo website. At the pseudo website, transactions can be mimicked and information like login credentials can be gathered. With this the attacker can access the real www.worldbank.com site and conduct transactions using the credentials of a valid user on that website. Phishing-The use of e-mails that appear to originate from a trusted source to trick a user into entering valid credentials at a fake website. Typically the e-mail and the web site looks like they are part of a bank the user is doing business with. Denial of service-The prevention of authorized access to a system resource or the delaying of system operations and functions. Malware-A generic term for a number of different types of malicious code. DNS cache poisoning-DNS poisoning is also called DNS cache poisoning, and refers to the corruption of DNS tables and caches so that a domain name points to a malicious IP address. Once the user is re-directed to the malicious IP address his/her computer can be infected with worms, viruses, spy ware etc. Phlashing- Phlashing is a permanent denial of service (DoS) attack that exploits a vulnerability in network-based firmware updates. Such an attack is currently theoretical but if carried out could render the target device inoperable. Teardrop-Teardrop is a program that sends IP fragments to a machine connected to the Internet or a network. Teardrop exploits an overlapping IP fragment bug present in Windows 95, Windows NT and Windows 3.1 machines. The bug causes the TCP/IP fragmentation re-assembly code to improperly handle overlapping IP fragments. This attack has not been shown to cause any significant damage to systems, and a simple reboot is the preferred remedy. It should be noted, though, that while this attack is considered to be non-destructive, it could cause problems if there is unsaved data in open applications at the time that the machine is attacked. The primary problem with this is a loss of data.