The Scarlet Letter: Governor Bellingham And Hypocrisy :: essays research papers

Governor Bellingham is the leader of the Boston Colony. He is therefore supposed to be one of the most pious and upstanding members of the community. As he â€Å"makes the rules†, he is supposed to follow them to the letter. This is why, when Hester visits his house to deliver his gloves, she is so surprised at its state. Instead of a humble abode tastefully decorated in the muted pastels and earthtones of the Puritan lifestyle, she was slightly amused (but not particularly surprised) to find very near the opposite. Before they even enter, she is struck by the opulence of the house. It had walls which were â€Å"overspread with a kind of stucco, in which fragments of broken glass were plentifully intermixed; so that, when the sun fell aslant-wise over the front of the edifice, it glittered and sparkled as if diamonds had been flung against it by the double handful. The brilliancy might have befitted Aladdin’s palace rather than the mansion of a grave old Puritan ruler . It was further decorated with strange and seemingly cabalistic features and diagrams, suitable to the quaint taste of the age, which had been drawn in the stucco when newly laid on, and had now grown hard and durable, for the admiration of after times.† This was not in accordance of the laws of hard work, sacrifice, and the â€Å"swearing off† of earthly pleasures that the Puritans abided by. In fact, it was garish and nearly gaudy, and not fitting for a man of his rank. These descriptions in The Scarlet Letter further illustrate the hypocrisy and pretense of virtue of the Bostonians. Inside, Hester is confronted with more show and splendor. Not only is the house itself well made and well decorated, but the pair is greeted at the door by one of Bellingham’s bond-servants. For a Puritan who is taught (and teaching) that each should be compassionate to his fellow man, owning one as property is fairly misleading to the rest of the colony. The house is fashioned after those of the lords and ladies of England, and contains lofty ceilings, steepled arches, and knickknacks of all shapes, sizes, and purposes (including a tankard for the purpose of swilling ale). A leader of a community as â€Å"committed to the Lord† as Boston should be spending his time reading his Bible and praying rather than imbibing, should he not?

The Conditions For Factory Workers In Nineteenth Century Britain Essay

The Conditions For Factory Workers In Nineteenth Century Britain In the nineteenth century some people thought that factories were the best thing that ever created in Great Britain, however, workers inside them thought differently. No group was as exploited as children, who were put to work before they could read or write.Children were employed in industry and agriculture as soon as they started using their hands and were able to walk. They worked in farms, mills, factories, coalmines and on the streets. They sacrificed having an education for working long hours for little money, working in unacceptable conditions for employers who had no interest in safety. Children were put to work because in cities with overpriced rents and plenty of expenses, families could not get by on simply two incomes. Children who worked indoors were often exposed to toxic fumes, extreme heat, and dangerous machinery. Those who worked in glass factories often cut or burned themselves on broken or hot glass. Children in textile mills were forced to breathe in dust and cotton fibers. Many suffered permanent lung damage. Small and nimble children were assigned to equipment that required quick motions. Those who operated machinery designed for adults often lost fingers. Working long days meant they sometimes fell asleep on the job, putting them at risk for serious injury. A Manchester spinner explains that they are "locked up in factories eight stories high, (the worker) has no relaxation till the ponderous engine stops, and then they go home to get refreshed for the next day; no time for sweet association with their families; they are all alike fatigued and exhausted." In 1831, John Hobhou... ...arse. This oatcake was put into cans. Boiled milk and water was poured into it. This was our breakfast and supper. Our dinner was potato pie with boiled bacon it, a bit here and a bit there, so thick with fat we could scarce eat it, though we were hungry enough to eat anything. Tea we never saw, nor butter. We had cheese and brown bread once a year. We were only allowed three meals a day though we got up at five in the morning and worked till nine at night. Matthew Crabtree was interviewed by Michael Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (18th May, 1832): I began work at Cook's of Dewsbury when I was eight years old. We had to eat our food in the mill. It was frequently covered by flues from the wool; and in that case they had to be blown off with the mouth, and picked off with the fingers, before it could be eaten.

The Reliability Validity And Utility Of Self Assessment Education Essay

IntroductionThis paper is a critical reappraisal of Ross ‘s paper in which he presents a reappraisal of a research done on the dependability, cogency and public-service corporation of self-assessment as a technique for bettering acquisition. In his findings Ross ( 2006 ) reported that ego appraisal produced consistent positive consequences in footings of raising pupil accomplishment and bettering behavior for larning. Harmonizing to the findings of the research it was found that strength in the usage of self-assessment was embedded in developing the pupils in the technique of measuring their ain work. The declared intent and purposes of Ross ‘s paper were to discourse four of import inquiries posed by instructors on the topic of ego appraisal. Stated below is the same set of inquiries which will organize the nucleus for the treatment in this paper: Is self appraisal a dependable appraisal technique? Does self-assessment supply valid grounds about pupil public presentation? Does self assessment better pupil public presentation? Is self appraisal a utile pupil appraisal technique? In this paper I argue that whereas these may be cardinal inquiries to instructors ( Ross, 2006 ) it is of import to take a critical expression at why they were found to be relevant to the topic of appraisal, why they were raised and who would profit from the consequence of their probe. I besides analyse the evidence-based averments made by Ross sing the topic of self-assessment and the literature he used to set up his findings. First I will get down by discoursing appraisal in general, what it is and what are its intents before I embark on the critical analysis of Ross ‘s work.The Purpose of AssessmentSchool and schooling is approximately assessment every bit much as it is about learning and larning. Black and William ( 1998a ) define appraisal in instruction as â€Å" all the activities that instructors and pupils likewise undertake to acquire information that can be used diagnostically to detect strengths and failings in the procedure of instruction and acquisition † ( Black and William, 1998a:12 ) . Appraisal can hence be a agency of public presentation motive for all stakeholders in the instruction system get downing from the pupil right to the policy shaper. Whereas appraisal in schools may function many intents, Black, ( 1998b ) amounts them up into three chief 1s viz. , support for acquisition, enfranchisement and answerability. The treatment throughout this paper nevertheless is confined to self-assessment as a formative signifier of appraisal with the chief aim of back uping pupils ‘ acquisition. Whilst Freeman and Lewis ( 1998 ) agree that appraisal in general can hold a large influence on students ‘ acquisition, paradoxically they accept that it can work against it ( the acquisition ) if instruction is done to the trial, ( i.e. with a focal point on go throughing trials ) while disregarding the significance and apprehension of the constructs. This, they reiterate, â€Å" tends to promote a inactive generative signifier of la rning † ( Lewis, 1998:7 ) which defeats the intent of appraisal. Ross ( 2006 ) points out at the oncoming of his paper that appraisal can be more of a stimulation to larning through suggestion and motive of pupils by manner of giving them regular pattern so they can see how good they are making in the acquisition results. Similarly, he asserts that giving prompt feedback on any trials done provides information that will assist scholars name their strengths and failings to assist them better their acquisition and apprehension of constructs. Consequently as Freeman ( 1998 ) suggests, affecting the scholars themselves through the usage of self- appraisal technique tends to assist them understand their failings better and help them in be aftering what to make following thereby taking duty of their ain acquisition. This is the cardinal subject in Ross ‘s paper and forms the measure by measure analytical reappraisal in this paper.Is Self-Assessment a dependable appraisal techn ique?Before turn toing the inquiries on self appraisal in this paper I will concentrate briefly on some of the literature by the advocates of self-assessment technique, such as Boud, ( 2004 ) , Orsmond, ( 2004 ) among others. In general footings, ego appraisal is what happens every clip we do something and look back in the act of oppugning or judging ourselves and doing determinations about what we have merely accomplished and what would be the following measure ( Boud, 2004 ) . Self appraisal means more than pupils rating their ain work. It means affecting the pupils in the procedures of finding what is good for their acquisition and how they can accomplish it. It requires them to see the features of a good piece of work and how they can use this to their ain work ( Boud, 2004 ; Orsmond, 2004 ) . Because the designation of criterions and standards used in self-assessment involves many activities, an effectual ego appraisal procedure will necessitate a great trade of readying if it will function the intent it is intended to make. This paper will turn to the issues raised in Ross ‘s paper ( Ross, 2006 ) sing the assorted facets of ego appraisal and its benefits to the pupils, instructors and parents. Self appraisal is any activity which entails the scholar instead than the instructor taking the lead, ( Brooks, 2002:8 ) . As asserted by Boud ( 1986 ) in Orsmond ( 2004 ) , it is the ‘involvement of scholars in placing criterions and/or standards to use to their work and doing opinions about the extent to which they have met these standards and criterions ‘ ( p.8 ) . Regardless of the fortunes, the most of import characteristic of self-assessment is ‘who assumes the lead and who benefits in the procedure ‘ ( Brooks, 2002:68 ) . Whereas Ross ( 2006 ) affirms that effectual self-assessment aid students to go better scholars, rising ego consciousness and intensifying their penetration into the appraisal procedure, this paper takes on the undertaking of placing the characteristics that make the procedure effectual, one of which is dependability, an issue that is about to be discussed in this paragraph. Reliability as used by Ross refers to ‘the consistence of the consequence produced by a measurement tool under different fortunes, ‘ ( p. 2 ) . Besides Walkin, ( 1991 ) describes dependability as â€Å" the extent to which an appraisal is systematically reliable and dependable when carried out by different assessors or by a individual assessor with different campaigners, or at different times of twenty-four hours and in different topographic points † ( p.10 ) . In this subdivision of the paper an effort will be made to associate these definitions and / or descriptions of dependability to the grounds provided in Ross ‘s paper sing the dependability of self appraisal. In the subsequent paragraphs, farther effort will be made to analyze the extent to which Ross used assorted bookmans to set up how self-assessment can be a dependable appraisal technique. Ross, ( 2006 ) introduced his paper by detecting that the bulk of instructors researched were found to be widely utilizing self-assessment although they still had uncertainties about the dependability of the technique. Harmonizing to Ross, ( 2006 ) these uncertainties centred on the possibility of two extremes go oning among the pupils. On the one manus it was found that pupils who were non good motivated and confused would hold a inclination of over-estimating and blow uping their accomplishment out of self involvement whilst on the other manus those who were regarded as ‘good childs ‘ underestimated their accomplishment. Whereas Ross, ( 2006 ) observed that this disagreement could perchance ensue in what he called a ‘construct-irrelevant discrepancy ‘ ( ibid. ) , which would most likely threaten the dependability of scaling, one would still oppugn the genuineness of the fortunes under which scholars are observed to be either ‘good childs ‘ or â⠂¬Ëœill-motivated and baffled. The inquiry of who sets the standards and who determines the good and bad scholars is an issue of contention as a possible deficiency of consistency in the acquisition environment and pupils ‘ failure to get by under different fortunes may ensue in one pupil ‘s good twenty-four hours to be a bad one for the other. Likewise pupils who fall in the weak class may happen themselves withdrawing into disenchantment to the hurt of their public presentation which in bend could impact the dependability of self-assessment. However, this paper will research further the construct of good pupils and low winners and the consequence it has on their public presentation in self appraisal. Establishing on Klenowski ‘s definition of ego appraisal ( Klenowski, 1995 in Ross, 2006 ) Ross describes the procedure as bearing a formative component which aims to better pupil acquisition. Sing dependability of self appraisal Ross found what he called a ‘high degree of internal consistence ‘ which typically refers to the ‘ability of the technique to give consistent consequences under different fortunes ‘ ( Walkin, 1991:10 ) . Ross ( 2006 ) used illustrations of consequences from his ain research coupled with that of other bookmans such as Rolheiser and Hogaboam-Gray ( 2002-b ) where they reported high ‘internal consistency ‘ in Mathematicss and English. Further grounds he cited was in connexion with consistency across undertakings, citing illustrations from Fitzgerald, Gruppen and White ( 2000 ) who examined self-assessment of medical pupils and found that a high degree of consistency existed in the pupils ‘ consequences across a scope of undertakings, and in peculiar indicating out public presentation in the ‘examination of standardised patients ‘ and ‘interpretation of trial consequences ‘ ( Ross ( 200 6: 4 ) . The frequence of appraisal is another factor Ross identified as holding a bearing on the dependability of self-assessment. Ross ( 2006 ) cites bookmans like Blatchford ( 1997 ) , whose research findings indicated that there was less consistence in the consequences of undertakings which were less often assessed, hence bespeaking less dependability. Likewise findings from a survey by Sung, Chiou and Hou ( 2005 ) revealed a greater dependability ( high consistency ) when the clip periods between appraisals is shorter. The age of the take parting pupils was another factor found to hold a bearing on the dependability of self-assessment. The reviewed research showed that the younger the pupils the less dependable were the consequences and likewise, there was a inclination for the older pupils to be more realistic in their attack to self-assessment of their public presentation, reflecting a higher degree of dependability ( ibid, in Ross 2006:3 ) . In reply to the inquiry whether self-assessment is a dependable appraisal technique, Ross ( 2006 ) used considerable sum of literature and backed his findings by evidence-based scholarly commendations runing from beyond a decennary to the most recent on the topic of appraisal. Consequently he summarised his findings on this inquiry by detecting that there was adequate grounds to back up self-assessment as a dependable technique. Notwithstanding, Ross ( 2006 ) emphasised that the degree of dependability tends to be higher when the pupils are decently trained to measure their work and it is done more often over short periods of clip. Similarly, it is less consistent when appraisal is done over longer periods and particularly so when done among younger kids. In his contemplations on dependability Ross makes no reference of inconsistence as a consequence of good or bad pupils but points to age as a mitigating factor, where immature kids can hold a less realistic attack to self-assessment . This paper will discourse farther grounds on the relevancy of Ross ‘s work to the topic of appraisal and in whose involvement it was published. In the undermentioned paragraph I present an analysis of Ross ‘s effort to turn to the inquiry of cogency of self-assessment technique.Does Self-Assessment supply valid grounds about pupil public presentation?Black, ( 1998 ) suggests that a trial is considered to be valid if it measures that which those who prepared it intended to mensurate. In his paper, Ross, ( 2006 ) defines cogency in self appraisal as â€Å" understanding with instructor opinion † or â€Å" peer rankings † ( p.3 ) . In other words cogency in self-assessment will be more obvious as we see how closely related the results of the triangulation procedure appear. Whereas Ross ‘s analysis of the research consequences done on 48 university pupils ( Boud and Falchikov, 1989 ) revealed positive consequences sing cogency, there was concern sing th e quality of the surveies. For case, it was found that there were unexplained fluctuations about what constituted understanding between the self-assessed and the instructor assessed consequence, the standards used by instructors and pupils was vague, every bit good as a â€Å" deficiency of reproductions affecting comparable group of pupil † ( ibid, p. 3 ) . Given the likely disagreements Ross gives several grounds why self-assessments can at times be higher than teacher evaluations. First he cites illustrations by some bookmans such as Aitchison, ( 1995 ) in which he mentions that overestimations are likely if the ego appraisal contributes to the concluding class of a class ( Boud and Falchikov, 1989, in Ross, 2006:3 ) . Second age of the take parting pupils was once more found to be a factor with a bearing to cogency in every bit much as it was with dependability of self-assessment as discussed in the preceding subdivision. It was found that the younger the kids the more likely it was for them to overrate their public presentation. This phenomenon was attributed to a possible deficiency of cognitive accomplishments every bit good as acquiring over ambitious in their accomplishments. Ross ( 2006 ) established this fact by doing mention to Butler ( 1990 ) , who found that self-teacher understanding increased at a higher rate of correlati vity with age. However Ross ( 2006 ) farther attributed a high rate of student-teacher understanding to preparation of the pupils in how to decently measure their work ( Ross et al, 1999 ; Sung et Al, 2005 ; in Ross, 2006 ) . In this regard Ross, ( 2006 ) established that facets such as â€Å" cognition of the content of the sphere in which the undertaking is embedded † ( ibid, p. 3 ) ; a cognition that self appraisal is traveling to be compared with instructor or peer evaluations ( Fox & A ; Dinur, 1998 ) ; and when the application of the standards involves low degree illations ( Pakaslahti & A ; Keltikangas -Jarvinen, 2000 ) ; were cardinal elements in the student-teacher understanding or the cogency of self-assessment technique. However, Ross, ( 2006 ) makes a elucidation that understanding between self-assessment and peer-assessment is likely to be higher than self-teacher understanding on the footing that pupils will usually construe appraisal standards otherwise from th e instructors, by perchance â€Å" concentrating on superficial characteristics of the public presentation † ( p. 3 ) . A higher rate of understanding between self-peer and self-teacher appraisal could besides be attributed to sympathetic inclinations between equals, overruling the echt intent of appraisal by overrating each other ‘s public presentation, which would adversely impact the cogency of the technique ( Walkin, 1991 ) . To turn to the grounds of cogency further, Ross ( 2006 ) makes mention to the advocates of assessment reform such as Wiggins et Al, ( 1993 ) who recommended that along with every major work pupils were to subject a self-assessment focusing on the perceptual experience of their public presentation, ( Ross, 2006:2 ) . This was to be done perchance to find the cogency of self appraisal in relationship to what Ross calls â€Å" understanding with an nonsubjective standard † ( ibid, p. 4 ) . Ross, ( 2006 ) cites the work of ( Cassady, 2001 ; Talento-Miller & A ; Peyton, 2006 ) who established that university pupils were likely to be more realistic in their self-assessment when using to graduate school under conditions where the ego studies would be checked against official paperss. In malice of such conditions nevertheless, Ross, ( 2006 ) points to the consequence of the survey which showed that even under rigorous conditions, it was found that high winners still gave accurate stud ies whilst low winners reported their appraisal less accurately and overestimated. Ross, ( 2006 ) attributed this to â€Å" likely societal desirableness or self-enhancement factors † ( Ross, 2006:4 ) . In his findings, Ross besides revealed that there were still some fluctuations to a certain grade within self-teacher understanding that could non be explained to the full, mentioning causal cases such as pupils ‘ inability to use assessment standards even in malice of preparation, pupils ‘ personal involvement, prejudice, and the possible undependability of instructor appraisals in relationship to student self-assessment. Ross concludes his treatment on the inquiry of cogency by admiting that there are disagreements revealed in the research he was reexamining. Nevertheless he submitted that such disagreements should be the stimulation for farther survey and reappraisal of the grounds embedded in pupils ‘ public presentation that might uncover the strengths and failings in their acquisition procedure so that they can be good addressed through improved instruction. This leads us to the thought of eventful cogency, the issue to be addressed in the following inquiry.Does self assessment better pupil public presentation?It was mentioned before in this paper that self-assessment is a signifier of formative appraisal, which meant that it is a technique which aims at bettering larning. The old subdivision has addressed the inquiry of cogency and it has been really clearly stated that a valid appraisal is one that contributes to a pupil ‘s acquisition by mensurating those accomplishments and/or cog nition it is designed to mensurate. In other words if the assessment tool does non concentrate on proving larning so it fails in its intent to help acquisition and can non be regarded as valid, harmonizing to the definitions by Black, ( 1998 ) and Ross, ( 2006 ) . This is what Ross calls ‘consequential cogency, ‘ ( Ross 2006:4 ) in which he argues that the worth of a trial is determined by its effects for the scholars, asseverating that inclusion of effects as a dimension of trial cogency was found to be a cardinal component in of self-assessment reform ( ibid ) . In add-on to bettering acquisition, Ross, ( 2006 ) besides pointed out another facet of ego appraisal that was straight concerned with the pupils ‘ ego efficaciousness and a stronger desire to accomplish as provided in the work of Hughes, Sullivan, & A ; Mosley, ( 1985 ) in Ross, ( 2006 ) . Other bookmans like Fontana and Fernandez, ( 1994 ) provided grounds that pupils could execute better in topics like Mathematicss when ego appraisal was used as one of the schemes to increase pupils ‘ acquisition. To heighten public presentation and increase the eventful cogency of the technique, Ross, ( 2006 ) identified the schemes of learning pupils in self-assessment technique. These included the direct engagement of pupils in specifying the appraisal standards, citing an illustration where pupils can take part in the constructing of a rubric that expresses public presentation outlooks ( ibid, p. 5 ) . Ross further reviewed some of the schemes used to learn pupils in using the self -assessment standards, observing that giving prompt feedback on self-assessment and prosecuting the pupils in evidence-based treatments of the fluctuations between their self-assessed public presentation and that of their equals and instructors, besides referred to as triangulation, ( Black,1998 ) contributed greatly to improved acquisition. It was besides observed that pupils would profit from instructors ‘ aid in utilizing the appraisal informations to develop realistic action programs both short and long term to get the better of their failings ( ibid, p.5 ) . Ross et Al, ( 1999 ) reported that a sample group of pupils were trained in these schemes, when they tried on the self-assessment technique to prove their acquisition ; they outperformed their equals who had non received similar preparation in topics like mathematics and geographics ( Ross 2006 ) . Positive consequences of self-assessment were besides reported in non-academic activities. A reappraisal of pupils Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ ego appraisal in countries of behavior inside and outside the schoolroom showed that behavior had improved as a consequence of being given a self appraisal tool to supervise their tendency of behavior and fiting it with their ain action programs. It was reported that consistency in the usage of the tool contributed to the pupils ‘ high autonomy, increased positive interactions and there was grounds of a diminution in riotous and off-task behavior ( ibid ) . Notwithstanding, Ross identified a few of the negative results that were associated with self-assessment. An analysis of the interview informations conducted by Ross et Al, ( 2002 ) in a class 11 mathematics schoolroom revealed that self-assessment contributed to an increased loss of assurance among the lower winners and that they gave up seeking after all while others resolved to acquire out of the hard lessons all together. Ross, ( 2006 ) attributed this to what he calls â€Å" ego-protecting attempt decrease † ( p. 5 ) . Ross backs up his study on the effects of self-assessment by prosecuting Bandura, ( 1997 ) on what he calls the â€Å" societal knowledge theory, † which fundamentally explains the conditional relationships between self-efficacy beliefs and outcome outlooks. Bandura, ( 1997 ) elaborates on this theory that in given spheres of operation, self-efficacy beliefs vary in degree, strength, and generalization ( ibid ) . However, he emphasises that â€Å" t he results of a procedure such as self appraisal can take the signifier of positive or negative physical, societal, and self-evaluation effects † ( Bandura, 1997:22 ) . Ross, ( 2006 ) emphasised that self-assessment contributed to ‘self-efficacy beliefs ‘ or ‘the pupil ‘s perceptual experience of their ability to execute the actions required of them in similar hereafter enterprise ‘ ( p. 6 ) ; using the construct that if the present undertakings are performed to their full satisfaction, pupils would be more likely to win in future undertakings ( Bandura, 1997 ) . Ross explores farther the inquiry of whether or non self-assessment improves the pupils ‘ public presentation, by supplying more scholarly grounds reappraisal in his paper. Based on Bandura ‘s apprehension of self-assessment and increased self-efficacy beliefs, Ross, ( 2006 ) established that pupils with greater assurance in their ability to carry through the mark undertaking are more likely to visualize success than failure, because they set higher criterions of public presentation and set out to accomplishing them ‘ ( p.6 ) . This introduces the ipsative component in the technique of self-assessment where a pupil is viing against himself or herself. As asserted by Bandura, ( 1997 ) pupils will expose a considerable self way in the face of competition, but in the instance of self-assessment pupils would be comparing against their ain public presentations, thereby puting their ain realistic ends for their hereafter achievements. Continuity and assurance improve the attempt displayed in the public presentation which in bend influences positive results. Failure in one undertaking becomes a stimulation for the good pupils motivating them to farther action. Pertinent to improved public presentation through the procedure of self-assessment therefore is the component of self-efficacy, ( Bandura, ( 1997 ) , self-confidence and attempt ( Ross, 2006 ) . Notwithstanding, the inquiry of placing some pupils as holding high of these qualities while another group has less or none at all demands to be addressed. Could it be related to the social-economic place environment, or could it be attributed to a tendency of failing developed during the school modus operandi? Whichever manner it is deserving look intoing at the right point in clip and non merely settle with the cognition that there are weak and strong childs in school. When all stairss as suggested by Ross ( 2006 ) have been taken and pupils are trained to give them a sense of intent in the usage of self-assessment technique why would one fail to accomplish more positive consequences? In a normal population nevertheless, fluctuations in perceptual experience are likely to impact public presentation and hence results tend to change as a consequence. So there will be pupils with low self-efficacy who will comprehend failure as enfeebling grounds that they are incapable of finishing t heir ain set undertakings and hence give up. Ross, ( 2006 ) reiterated this fact farther from his happening that repeated negative self-assessment may take to pupils puting unrealistic ends, following uneffective acquisition techniques which in bend affect the attempt they put into their work. Finally they start doing alibis for their underperformance and sometimes taking to withdrawal. On the whole nevertheless, Ross, ( 2006 ) found plenty scholarly grounds to demo that self-assessment will further an upward rhythm of larning as demonstrated by the surveies that found positive results of self-assessment. I will reason this subdivision with an lineation of three ways through which Ross found self-assessment to be lending to larning. Ross ‘s analysis of the scholarly work of Schunk ( 1996 ) found these to be among the procedures that self-acting pupils use to detect and construe their ain behavior: They were, Self-observation – self-acting pupils will intentionally concentrate on specific facets of their public presentation related to their ain set criterions of success, with a position to better acquisition ( Ross, 2006: 6 ) . Self-judgements – pupils make self opinions in which they determine how good they think they have met their general and specific ends besides by comparing present with past results in relationship to the specific set ends ( ibid. ) . Self-reaction – how the pupils interpret and respond to the grade of accomplishment of their set ends, an indicant of how satisfied they may be with the consequence of their actions. Self-reaction plays a major portion in puting realistic ends for future acquisition every bit good as a major determiner of the pupils ‘ patterned advance rhythm ( ibid. ) . Harmonizing to Ross ‘s findings, these elements can merely be achieved and to the full exploited through strict preparation which focuses on peculiar facets of the pupils ‘ public presentation ( Ross, 2006:6 ) . Ross justified his averments by mentioning illustrations of the facets of the pupils ‘ public presentation he referred to, such as the dimensions of a co-constructed rubric and redefining the standard pupils use to find whether they were successful or non, and by measuring teacher feedback to reenforce reading of their public presentation ( ibid. ) . Ross ‘s averment on these influences of self assessment preparation was that they would â€Å" increase the likeliness that pupils will construe their public presentation as a command experience, the most powerful beginning of ego efficaciousness † harmonizing to Bandura, ( 1997 ) as cited in Ross ( 2006:6 ) .Is self appraisal a utile pupil appraisal technique?The inquiry of whether ego appraisal is a utile pupil appraisal technique can outdo be addressed by first of all concentrating on what it does for the pupil. Black, ( 1998 ) gives both practical and cardinal grounds for affecting pupils in the appraisal of their ain work. Among these he mentions the practical component of acquiring them do some of the work themselves which, harmonizing to Black, ( 1998 ) allows the instructors the chance to transport through the programme of formative appraisal. Second, Black points to a more cardinal ground that self assessment enhances the student-teacher relationship, as it makes the learner take â€Å" duty of their ain acquisition † ( p. 127 ) . As stated at the beginning of Ross ‘s paper, ( Ross, 2006 ) research has shown that the impression of affecting pupils in measuring their ain work has in the past been met with assorted feelings. Some of the grounds mentioned by bookmans such as Brooks, ( 2002 ) and Boud, ( 2004 ) relate to a deficiency of apprehension of the nature of the technique, and failure to implement it right in schools. Harmonizing to Brooks, ( 2002 ) pupils who carried a negative attitude to self-assessment did so because they found it hard to hold on the thought that they could transport out appraisal of their work to back up their ain acquisition. An analysis of the survey by Broadfoot et Al, ( 1998 ) as cited in Brooks, ( 2002 ) reported that ‘because pupils had small or no penetration into the appraisal standard, or how instructors reached assessment opinions, they merely guessed what they thought instructors would believe of their work, which defeated the whole intent of self-assessment. Ha rmonizing to the grounds provided in this paper and holding reviewed Ross ‘s work at that place is no uncertainty that ego appraisal is a utile technique for pupils when they are decently trained in its significance and its execution. As Boud, ( 2004 ) would set it, the specifying feature of self-assessment is â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the engagement of pupils in placing criterions and/or standards to use to their work and doing opinions about the extent to which they have met these standards and criterions. † ( Boud 1991, p.5 as cited in Boud, 2004 ) In the paragraphs that follow, I will show a critical analysis of Ross ‘s findings about the strengths and failings of self-assessment technique which he reviewed in an effort to warrant why the technique is utile for pupils.Strengths of self-assessmentRoss, ( 2006 ) addresses the inquiry of utility of the technique to a greater grade, utilizing bookmans like Hughes et Al, ( 1985 ) ; Schunk, ( 1996 ) ; Sparks, ( 1991 ) , to turn out that ego appraisal is a utile technique. These provide plenty grounds to demo that self appraisal contributes to student achievement peculiarly if instructors provide the direct direction in how to self-assess. Evidence is provided in an analysis of his ain work ( Ross et al, 1999 ; 2002-a ; 2005 ) as cited in Ross, ( 2006 ) that ego appraisal contributes to better pupil behavior ‘ ( p.7 ) . Further analysis of Ross ‘s evidence-based findings revealed more benefits of self-assessment and why it was found to be utile: First it was reported that pupils found the technique utile because they gained a better apprehension of what they were supposed to make as they were involved in puting the standards for the appraisal. Second, because the technique enabled them to include of import public presentation dimensions such as attempt that would non usually be considered in appraisal. The 3rd benefit harmonizing to Ross findings was that self appraisal allowed the pupils to pass on information such as ends and aims sing their public presentation. The 4th and last of the benefits in Ross ‘s analysis was that pupils found self appraisal to be utile because it gave them information they could utilize to better their work. ( Ross et al. , 1998 as cited in Ross, 2006 ) . The 4th benefit is possible because of the ipsative nature of self appraisal mentioned earlier in this paper, which provides pupils with the chance to concentrate on their attainment, instead that the normative comparing with others as it helps them concentrate on how to better their ain work. Beside the pupils Ross, ( 2006 ) besides reviewed research findings about how instructors benefited from the effectual usage of self appraisal technique. The research established that doing the appraisal standards explicit to the pupils helped the instructors to separate indispensable from less of import characteristics of pupil public presentation and as a consequence they would be more focussed in their instruction. It was besides established that teacher-student conferences held as a follow up of self appraisal would assist to work out any disagreements that may be between self-teacher appraisal and that this might give instructors farther insight into the pupils ‘ thought and in peculiar aid to press out the misconceptions that prevent their farther acquisition. Ross, ( 2006 ) acknowledges that there was small information sing parents ‘ reaction to self appraisal ; nevertheless he asserts that if the building of the rubrics is done good and in clear linguistic communi cation, it will run into the ends of the course of study which will indicate to the involvements of the parents.Some noted failings of self-assessment.Ross, ( 2006 ) pointed out the figure one concern for instructors sing self appraisal was the fright that sharing control of appraisal with pupils would take down criterions and reward pupils who inflate their appraisal ( p.7 ) . However if instructors implemented the recommendations as provided in Ross ‘s work by affecting pupils in the whole procedure including the scene of the appraisal standard, and pupils were decently trained in what and how to measure I do non see this as a justifiable cause for fright. Second, a deficiency of understanding between self-teacher appraisals is another failing Ross references which could be attributed to either mistakes of artlessness, or inability on the portion of the pupils to construe the appraisal standard. Ross, ( 2006 ) nevertheless found the greatest instructor concern to be what he called â€Å" grade sharks † which harmonizing to him pupils would deliberately blow up their accomplishment by lying about their attempt or misusing the standard ( Ross 2006:8 ) . However, as already explained in the inquiry that dealt with what self appraisal does for the pupil, such instances will be stray incidents that can non significantly impact a good enforced procedure with co-jointly constructed rubrics between instructor and pupils. Another failing of the technique is that some pupils will happen it unjust on them as some of the pupils will take advantage of it and tag everything as perfect even though it may non ( p.8 ) . But once more is n't it this what instructor appraisal and teacher-student follow-up conferences are for, to seek and chair the pupils ‘ appraisal every bit good as set clear and realistic ends? To sum up the failings found Ross ( 2006 ) noted that there was concern among instructors about parents ‘ reactions to self appraisal, claimi ng that pupils should non be making the work instructors are meant to be making.DecisionBefore the decision of his reappraisal of the research conducted on the dependability cogency and public-service corporation of self appraisal technique, Ross, ( 2006 ) first gives a comprehensive history of his findings about the ways which can do self appraisal more utile. To get down with he admits that no sum of research will convert the instructors who are skeptic about the truth of the technique. However he outlines four dimensions through which harmonizing to his findings betterment in the public-service corporation of self appraisal can be achieved. First Ross, ( 2006 ) found that affecting pupils in the procedure of specifying the standard will travel a long manner to better the dependability and cogency of the procedure if the rubric addressed issues of competency familiar to pupils every bit good as include public presentation characteristics that pupils find meaningful and of import to them. Ross, ( 2006 ) agreed with Rolheiser, ( 1996 ) that in so making â€Å" instructors need non give up control of assessment standards but instead ordain a procedure in which pupils develop a deeper apprehension of cardinal outlooks, mandated by regulating course of study guidelines † ( Rolheiser, 1996 in Ross, 2006:8 ) . Second, the component of learning pupils in the application of the appraisal standard was found to lend greatly to the credibleness of the appraisal and pupil apprehension of the rubric. Third Ross, ( 2006 ) found that feedback of information to pupils sing their ego appraisal would organize a procedure of triangul ation between the pupil, his or her equal and the instructor ‘s appraisal of the same work utilizing the same standards, which would give more weight to the cogency and the concluding analysis in the procedure of appraisal. Fourth component was that with the aid from instructors, pupils would be able to utilize self appraisal informations to better their public presentation. On this issue, Ross found that edification in treating informations improved with age, citing an illustration in Ross et Al, ( 2002 ) where he found that when older pupils discussed appraisals with their equals and parents they focussed more on grounds of accomplishment and how to better public presentation, whereas immature 1s were more concerned with overall classs ( Ross 2006 ) . It was besides found that older pupils could utilize current accomplishment in comparing with past accomplishments to put specific, come-at-able and realistic ends concentrating on near terminals ( ibid, p. 9 ) . The review of this focal point work by Ross ( 2006 ) can be concluded by detecting that he engaged a batch of literature in his effort to supply replies to the four basic inquiries which are cardinal to the treatment in this paper. He noted that much of the research he reviewed was conducted on pupils measuring their work without equal interpretive counsel and he argued that cogency in self-assessment would increase if there was equal teacher-student duologue focusing on the standards of judging the grounds of public presentation. Whilst Ross, ( 2006 ) argues that there is sufficient grounds from his research reappraisal to reply the four basic inquiries which were raised by instructors at the beginning of his survey, there is grounds that his ain findings in surveies conducted earlier ( Ross et al, 2002 ) besides provide farther ground to warrant that these inquiries were important to the reader and shows why they are relevant to the topic of appraisal. In add-on to the reappraisal of other bookmans ‘ work Ross, ( 2006 ) asserts from his ain survey that â€Å" psychometric belongingss of self appraisal suggest that it is a dependable appraisal technique, capable of bring forthing consistent consequences across points, undertakings, and contexts over short clip periods † ( p. 9 ) . Ross ‘s findings on the elements of dependability, cogency and public-service corporation of self appraisal and how these can be implemented as presented in this paper are some of the convincing grounds why I believe that the four basic inquiries raised by instructors have been addressed with satisfaction in Ross ‘s paper. Last, Ross ‘s bibliography and other scholarly work cited provide adequate grounds that the literature engaged was by experts in the field of educational appraisal and it can be trusted as relevant for intents of this paper. ( 5876 )

Pricing Strategy and Distribution Essay

Nature Beauty Price strategy will be the penetration theory for my product. Penetration is pricing low to stimulate the sales, encourage trail, and trigger by word of mouth. Nature Beauty’s mineral powder foundation will not be a new product that no company has similar to. We will need to start by gaining the trust of the consumers by word of mouth and different marketing strategies to the targeted customers. This way once the product has some buzz and customers appreciate the products value, we can price the mineral powder foundation at higher price do to the demand of the product. The competing cosmetic company has a similar product that claims help the skin improve. This company will be established in the cosmetic industry and customers will have trust in them. We at Nature Beauty are striving to become a powerhouse cosmetic line so we can price according the value we believe we hold. Penetration strategy is the best the company because there are a lot of other producst that compliments the mineral powder foundation and other general everyday hygiene use type of products that want to bring out. With this strategy we can price the other products low as well and hopefully with the trust of Nature Beauty mineral powder foundation gains it will help us introduce them. Even though Nature Beauty can be considered a luxury cosmetic, we also want it to become a necessity to the consumers as well. We want the demand for it increases by making the consumers feel like this product is a need and want them to live by this Brand. Penetration strategy will also work with medium pricing range. Medium is a competitive approach. Pricing the mineral powder foundation could be slightly price above or slightly price below. Nature Beauty picks slightly below. This goes into the theory for starting off low in and gaining value to price higher. We want the customers to perceive this product as safe and efficient and more valuable compared to the leading cosmetic competitor. I believe we will have to start out as an alternative cosmetic and show that we are just as good or a better brand. Also with the feedback from the customer’s feedback and response to our product, can determine the value of its offering. The leading competitor pricing strategy are mostly medium or high leaning towards the Skimming theory. You have companies like Revlon, Cover Girl who are well known, easy, and are very accessible to the consumer at your local drug store or even supermarkets. They put off a new product and it is the priced high and after a while you will see the product come down then maintain at lower price. Nature Beauty is pricing tactics is Value pricing. According to EZine articles. com, Value pricing is a strategy that businesses with a high value product or service use. The strategy is to sell the high value product or service at a low, value price. Note: this price is not to be below cost but at what the customer would perceive to be a low price. Nature Beauty believes this a good fit for its product because all of the products are really good, safe, and highly effective. Also Ezine articles mentioned that â€Å"Customers’ perceptions are influenced by the value they perceive in the relationship between the attributes of the product or service and the price they will have to pay for that product or service. Customers also are influenced by price comparison amongst similar products or services†. Nature Beauty provides a product that conceals the unwanted blemishes, scars, tattoos, and gives you a even flawless skin tone while with the alone extracts, and organic ingredients helps improve your skin for a softer and clearer skin. We believe if the consumers see the attributes that this product have and also trust the other product that compliments the mineral powder foundation, we will price higher to the true value of the product. Even though we are using the Value pricing tactic, Nature Beauty believes we are a good brand and want the consumers to believe that we are high quality with a good price. In the psychology of pricing the â€Å"price is a clear, tangible cue, higher the price set the highest expectation. However, even though it’s easier to start high and lower prices later down the line, depending on sales of the products, we don’t want to jump the broom on the price set. We believe that we meet the expectation for a higher price and will strive to become a brand that can set a premium price like it leading competitors. Nature Beauty does want to use the theory framing on the products that compliments the mineral powder foundation. Framing is pricing higher prices and then discount to make the consumers feel better. There will be promotions that will give consumers the chance to try these products such lotion, facial cleanser, beauty bar soap, make-up remover wipes, and future idea products for free or at a discounted price. But they will not always be on sale. Nature beauty will push these products out individually starting out high then discounting them after we introduced the new and latest product.

For Machiavelli, how should a leader sensibly and reasonably respond Essay - 1

For Machiavelli, how should a leader sensibly and reasonably respond to an environment where events are determined in part by fortune - Essay Example Therefore, the Machiavellian approach recommends an extremely practical approach to those situations that arise from fortune; an approach that might be frowned upon in the liberal dominated world of today. Politics is essentially influenced more by fortune than by the machinations of leaders and it is because of this that, according to Machiavelli, is to create a balance between the various interests within the state so that he can have an influence on all of them (Machiavelli: 22). The result of a balancing of interests is that a leader can be able to create a political environment, which favours himself rather than his opponents. Leaders always have to be careful to ensure that more competent or popular individuals within their societies do not take their power away and this is the reason why they have to take account of all the grievances that might arise. In most cases, rivals often take advantage of situations where the leader is in a weak position in order to press their own causes and it is because of these circumstances that a leader has to always have firm control over the state. A leader has to stabilise his power through the development of an enduring political structure be cause this is the only way through which they can retain their power (Machiavelli: 17). Therefore, if a leader wishes not to leave anything to fortune, it is essential that he provide his people with the stability and security that they need to ensure that they continue their support for him. With the support of the people over whom he rules, it would be much more difficult for rivals to take advantage of the situation to either reduce his power or depose him. When a new leader comes to power, he has to ensure that he studies the political environment carefully before making any drastic changes within the society because to do so immediately might jeopardise his rule. He must first stabilise his rule through the studying of the different actors

Crafting and executing a winning strategy Essay

Crafting and executing a winning strategy - Essay Example However, as big corporations are being washed out with the erosion of public/stakeholder trust due to unethical and socially irresponsible behavior, today, corporate strategists realize that a perceptible commitment to ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) has clear implications for the corporate bottom line, and integrating it as a part of corporate strategy would significantly improve business performance. [Hopkins, 2003; Houck and William, 1996] The paper examines the linkage between company's effort to craft and execute a winning strategy and its social responsibility - the company's duties to conduct its activities in an ethical manner and demonstrate socially responsible behavior as a committed corporate citizen, attending to the needs of all the stakeholders. In doing so, it shall attempt to analyze what ethics and social responsibility means in the corporate strategy context, the debates surrounding the relevance of social responsibility, and also examines the significance of ethical and socially responsible behavior by corporations for survival and success. It shall also look at ways to incorporate ethics and social responsibility into corporate strategies for ensuring long-term success of corporations. The environmental movement of the 1980s and 1990s, which exposed many unethical corporate practices by companies such as Nestle, Shell and the rising cases of corporate scandals in the recent years signifying unethical and irresponsible behavior by top officials, such as those at Enron, WorldCom etc., have brought about the significance of ethics and social responsibility as a legitimate topic in the formulation and implementation of business strategy. [Hopkins, 2003] While the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, as management imperatives, business ethics and corporate social responsibility are distinct concepts, though with inevitable overlaps. It may be worthwhile to clearly understand the two precepts before attempting to analyze their significance in creating winning strategies. Ethics in business, an age-old concept, advocates ethically appropriate behavior by businesses to the stakeholders directly concerned with the business enterprise, viz. managers, consumers, investors/owners and employees. [Hopkins, 2003] Ethical behavior in business extends to all segments of business management at the enterprise level including finance and accounting, human resources management, sales and marketing, production and intellectual property. While a consensus on the definition has not been achieved, corporate social responsibility is stated to be "concerned with treating the stakeholders of the firm ethically or in a responsible manner." [Hopkins, 2003; p.1] Corporate social responsibility, a more inclusive concept business ethics, extends beyond the enterprise level to all stakeholders, what Hopkins describes as, "the seven azimuths", within which the enterprises trade and operate viz.: owners/investors (shareholders or stockholders); management; employees; customers; t he natural environment; the wider community (including government); contractors/suppliers. [Hopkins, 2003, p. 3] CSR as a winning business strategy concerns with the responsibility of the company to each of these seven groups; it may include responsibility to competitors as well.

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 - Essay Example They do not consider physical traits of human beings as part of their intelligence. Sternberg’s Model Robert Sternberg (1988) proposed a theory of intelligence called as ‘triarchic theory’ as according to him, intelligence consists of three aspects interacting with each other (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The fist aspect is the internal skill of information processing which helps the human being to behave intelligently (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The second aspect is the ability of human being to create a match between the internal skills and the external environment in the best possible way (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The third aspect is the ability to take the help of past experiences to tackle the new or unfamiliar information, successfully (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). Sternberg’s theory shows that intelligence is the ability to use different internal and external aspects to achieve success and to realize potential. Spearman’s Model Spearman’s model of intelligence is called as a ‘two-factor model’ of intelligence. ... The results revealed that children who scored well in one test also scored well on other tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman noticed that there was a positive correlation between the tests designed to measure different mental abilities like memory, reasoning, creativity etc (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman concluded that even though the tests were aimed at measuring different mental abilities, they had one factor common in them, which was getting measured in all the test results (Pyle, 1979, p.7). He concluded that this common factor was ‘general intelligence’ and named it ‘g’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). However, he also realized that even though intelligent children scored well in all the tests, their scores were not exactly the same in all the tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). This is because every test was designed to measure a ‘specific’ ability of a child and hence, it displayed the specific skill set of a child (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman named this factor as â₠¬ËœSs’, indicating that even though ‘general intelligence’ was a common factor in children scoring well in the tests, their specific abilities were different from each other (Pyle, 1979, p.7). As Spearman’s model of intelligence is based on the two factors of ‘general’ and ‘specific’ intelligence, it is called as ‘two-factor model’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). According to Spearman’s model, ‘intelligence’ is the mental energy or the ‘general ability’ of human being which ‘flows’ and guides him in most of his activities (Pyle, 1979, p.8). Spearman believed that all human beings have ‘g’ to some degree but as there is a difference in the level of their general intelligence, their mental abilities are different (Pyle, 1979, p.7). People differ from each